Chromatography Investigation
Chromatography is a highly regarded technique used to separate the
components of a mixture. It is based on the principle that each
component possesses a unique affinity for a stationary phase and a
mobile phase. The components that are more inclined to enter the
mobile phase will migrate further on the chromatogram and distinguish
themselves from the other components. The type of solvent used in
chromatography is known to directly affect the separation of the
mixture. In this experiment, thin-layer and column chromatography will
be utilized to separate the numerous chlorophyll and carotenoid
pigments of a spinach extract. The optimal solvent that will maximize
the resolution of the components on the chromatogram will be
exhibited.
Procedure
=========
The procedure is described in the Chemistry 282 Laboratory Manual
(Department of chemistry, 2002). A minor change to the experiment was
the use of magnesium sulfate to dehydrate the organic layer instead of
sodium sulfate.
Discussion
==========
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique that involves the
movement of the components of a mixture up a plate with the use of a
solvent. This process begins by spotting the mixture near the bottom
of a TLC plate, which is composed of a thin layer of a polar adsorbent
spread over the surface of a piece of thin plastic. The separation
process takes place in a closed jar containing a filter paper and the
desired solvent. The filter paper absorbs the solvent and functions to
help the atmosphere inside the jar become saturated with the solvent.
This environment will promote the unifo...
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because the sample ran as a streak near the origin. The streak
distorted the illustration of the pigments on the chromatogram, making
them difficult to distinguish.
Conclusions
===========
The best solvent used to separate the components of the spinach
extract was determined to be a 7:3 hexanes-acetone mixture because it
divided the spinach extract into the greatest number of components.
Additionally, thin-layer chromatography provided evidence that the
pigment beta-carotene was present in spinach, as a yellow-orange
pigment encompassed identical retention factor values on every plate.
This experiment may be improved through the use of a longer TLC plate.
A longer plate will magnify the migration distances of each component,
which will make them easier to distinguish on the chromatogram.
In this experiment, column chromatography and thin layer chromatography were used to separate a mixture of fluorene and 9-fluorenone. These two methods were then compared, and the results were analyzed. In column chromatography, 0.1010 g of mixture was separated. During the separation, fluorene eluted first. This compound was white in color once dried with the rotary evaporator. A percent yield of 93.47% was calculated for fluorene. The product that eluted first was confirmed to be fluorene by the IR spectrum obtained and the experimental melting point. The IR spectrum RM-02-CC1 was the spectrum obtained for this compound. Aromatic carbon- hydrogen bonds, carbon-carbon double bonds and hydrogens attached to sp2 carbons were shown by peaks 3038
In agreement with preliminary question 3, Figure 1 demonstrates that the force necessary to keep the block sliding is significantly less than the force that is necessary to initiate the slide.
In this laboratory, the degree of absorbance for the pigments in a leaf sample were observed using mechanisms that involved pigment isolation from a leaf extract, obtaining wavelength measurements, and displaying the measurements on an absorption spectra.
Chromatography has been developed over the past century and has an important contribution in many areas of modern science. However the main original work of M.S.Tswett was published in a book Chromatographic Adsorption Analysis.
Paper chromatography is the ability to separate specific parts of a mixture, in order to identify its content. There are many forms of chromatography, but paper chromatography tends to work with substances such as dyes, inks, or any colored chemical. In the fields of biology, paper chromatography benefits police that need to test blood. It can also be used by chemists to test substances in their labs. Lastly, it can be used to identify compounds that may be in a plant substance.
In the experiment these materials were used in the following ways. A piece of Veneer wood was used as the surface to pull the object over. Placed on top of this was a rectangular wood block weighing 0.148-kg (1.45 N/ 9.80 m/s/s). A string was attached to the wood block and then a loop was made at the end of the string so a Newton scale could be attached to determine the force. The block was placed on the Veneer and drug for about 0.6 m at a constant speed to determine the force needed to pull the block at a constant speed. The force was read off of the Newton scale, this was difficult because the scale was in motion pulling the object. To increase the mass weights were placed on the top of the ...
3.) Divide your 30g of white substance into the 4 test tubes evenly. You should put 7.5g into each test tube along with the water.
There is three propellers which were working by the steam, the rotation of the propellers were working by the movement.
= = = Spatula ------- Conical Flask -------------
Benzyl bromide, an unknown nucleophile and sodium hydroxide was synthesized to form a benzyl ether product. This product was purified and analyzed to find the unknown in the compound.
Centrifuges were utilized in the lab to separate substances of different densities (i.e. liquid solution and precipitate). Centrifuges separate solids and liquids so quickly because they use high rotational velocity, causing the denser solids to move toward the outer wall of the centrifuge and bottom of the test tube.3 It is vital to balance the centrifuge because the tubes are spun at high rotational velocities, so an imbalance of mass can cause a failure of the centrifuge to work properly and a possible safety
HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) is an analytical technique which separates a complex mixture of components into its specific individual components. It is a powerful tool in analysis, as it combines high speed with extreme sensitivity compared to traditional methods of chromatography because of the use of a pump which creates a high pressure and forces the mobile phase to move with the analyte in high speed. It is been used as a principle technology in various automated analyzers used for diagnostic purpose.
is impossible to specify a single best method to carry out a given analysis in
against the water and to move the hull higher. The force of the water against
Suction and lift are paramount contemplations when pumping liquids. Suction is the vertical separation between the liquid to be pumped and the core of the pump, while lift is the vertical separation between the pump and the conveyance point. The profundity from which a hand pump will suck is restricted by air weight to a working profundity of less than 7 meters. The depth to which a hand pump will lift is administered by the capacity of the pump and the driver to lift the weight in t...