Bicultural Ecology of the Chinese American Population Common Diseases Just like any other society, there exists a broad difference in the indicators and outcomes of health statistics among the Chinese Americans (Lean & Lee, 2012). Different types of health conditions affecting the Chinese Americas all through the United States include; cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, cardiovascular and hepatitis B. The information derived from the ministry of health shows that cancer causes most deaths among the Chinese Americans (Amill, Serrano, González, & Pérez-Perdomo, 2015). It further indicates that Chinese Americans have the highest cases of both stomach and liver cancer. The data suggests that the Chinese Americans are more vulnerable to cancer-causing …show more content…
For instance, 5.6 % of them have heart disease; congenital heart disease affects 3.8% of them, and 16.1% of them have hypertension. The data indicates that 7.5% of Chinese Americans have diabetes. The likelihood of them developing type-2 diabetes is double that of non-Hispanic whites, even though they have a lower body weight. Based on age, BMI, and sex, Chinese Americans have a prevalence of 60% in contracting diabetes (Chew, Lim, Lee, &Chowbay, 2013). Chinese women in the U.S are more vulnerable to developing osteoporosis. Since the mean intake of important minerals such as calcium, which is an essential nutrient to healthy bones, among Chinese women is half that of Whites (Fan et al., …show more content…
There are two traditional pathways known for metabolism purposes; phase one reaction, which involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. The phase two results include glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfation, and methylation. However, the arrangements do not conclusively define which drug metabolism reactions take place (Lee, Graeme Fincke, &Ren, 2001). The general purpose of all metabolic reactions is to convert lipophilic drugs into hydrophilic metabolites that are easy to excrete. Chinese Americans exhibit an altered response to most drugs manufactured in the United States due to their broad genetic variation from other ethnic groups. Most clinicians are increasingly aware of this trend (Lee, Graeme Fincke, & Ren, 2001). However, the fast increasing nature of the genetic variants used in drug metabolism affects the metabolizing enzymes, which impacts the therapeutic index of any given drug. The changes as mentioned earlier, may result in alterations in the drug
Immigration has been prevalent in The United States of America since the days of colonization in the 17th century. Masses of migrants around the world have sought a place in which to escape persecution, gain economic fortunes, and live their lives in freedom. America has always symbolized the land of opportunity everyone has been looking for, as exemplified by the inscription on The Statue of Liberty:
In my research project, I choose to explore Chinese Americans’ and Russian Americans’ migration history and experiences during 1850 to 2014, and the location is San Francisco. Reasons for choosing Chinese Americans are first I’m a Chinese so I care about the history of my own ethnicity; also as a major conponent of Asian Americans which is the fastest incresing immigration group nowdays, the understanding of the history and the analysis of the immigration experiences could facilitate the assimilation of Chinese Americans. Another group I choose is Russian Americans, because many Russian immigrants first landed on San Francisco too, however they share different experiences of immigration life due to races and reasons of emigration. For the location, myl focus is San Francisco, because this was the main entance to America for many Chinese and Russians in early migration time, so it is an important place to trace the very beginning of Chinese and Russian Americans’ immigration lives. Finally, the time period I choose is 1850 to 2014, because in 1850 Chinese started to immigrate to America to build the railroad, and in 1882 the Chinese Exclusion law was passed in America so the comparison of migrations before and after the law could help us understand the topic better.
A major problem facing people of the United States is the increase in diabetes rates, with some of the highest rates fall upon people of Native American origin. Food, language, and traditions are three big components that define the Native American culture, but could alterations to the very components that define these indigenous people also be contributing to their demise? Many factors have contributed to the declining health of Native Americans, but most notably, changes in eating habits and inactive lifestyles are the two of the main culprits leading to the high diabetes rates among the Native American population.
McBean, A. M., Li, S., Gilbertson, D. T., & Collins, A. J. (2004). Differences in diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality among the elderly of four racial/ethnic groups: whites, blacks, Hispanics, and Asians. Diabetes care, 27(10), 2317-2324.
Since the arrival of Columbus in 1492, American Indians have been in a continuous struggle with diseases. It may not be small pox anymore, but illnesses are still haunting the native population. According to statistics, Native Americans have much higher rates of disease than the overall population. This includes a higher death rate from alcoholism, tuberculosis, and diabetes than any other racial or ethnic group. Recent studies by Indian health experts show that diabetes among Indian youth ages 15-19 has increased 54% since 1996 and 40% of Indian children are overweight. Even though diabetes rates vary considerably among the Native American population, deaths caused from diabetes are 230 percent greater than the United States population as a whole. Diabetes is an increasing crisis among the Native American population.
According to the National Cancer Institute, cancer health disparities are defined as the adverse differences between specific populations and the achievement of an optimal state of health. These population groups are categorized by geographic location, income, disability, age, education, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or race. These factors correlate with cancer mortality rates that impact specific population groups in the United States, cancer prevalence is the number of people diagnosed or living with cancer, and cancer incidence which is the number of new cancer cases in a population. According to the American Cancer Society, in 2013, there were an estimated 1,660,290 new cases of cancer and 580,350 of the new cases resulted in mortality. Individuals who have limited access to healthcare, health illiterate, and poverty stricken are more likely to develop cancer. This means a person’s socioeconomic status can determine the likelihood of their probability of developing cancer
"Hispanics have more deaths from diabetes and chronic liver disease than whites, and similar numbers of deaths from kidney disease" (CDC, 2015). Even though the percentage of Hispanics suffering from high blood pressure is 17% in comparison to 20% of whites. Hispanics are 68% who suffer from poorly controlled high blood pressure compared to whites which are 54%. Health risks may vary among Hispanic subgroups and whether they are US born or not. Lower death rate is suffered by the Hispanic than whites.
Liver cancer is a common form of cancer that affects approximately 30,650 new individuals each year (1). The most common form of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is more predominate in men over women. Along with gender, age also is a large role in the probability of getting HCC. Generally, most of the individuals that are diagnosed with liver cancer are 45 and older, with an average age of 63 (1). Another nonmodifiable factors that can lead to HCC is ethnicity. The risk of having liver cancer greatly increases if you are from the Pacific Islands or are an Asian American (2). Some common behavioral risk factors that can increase an individual’s change of getting HCC are alcohol consumption, type 2 diabetes, chronic viral hepatitis, and obesity (1). While all of these factors can lead to liver cancer, obesity has become more popular recently with an increase in the amount of overweight individuals. In the last decade alone, over one billion people worldwide are estimated to be overweight (5). In the research articles used, BMI was the common tool to determine if an individual was overweight or obese.
Asian Americans have been more active and involved in politics over the past decade. Furthermore, Asian Americans increasingly became more visible in politics extending beyond the city limits. While in many major cities such as Seattle, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York City remain packed and serve as a gateway for Asian Americans immigrants. A majority of the United States Asian American population has now moved into the Suburbs. This serves as a part of reaching the American “Dream”. The dream is to own a house in the suburbs with a pool and picket fence. Once a person obtains this status, they are seen as making it in America. Between 2000 and 2010, Asian American population growth in the suburbs reached 1.7 million, which was nearly four times the growth during the same period for those Asian Americans living in central cities. Approximately 62 percent of the U.S. Asian American population is situated in the suburbs. In California, The San Francisco and Los Angeles metro area contain the most diverse Asians in the whole America. The city and state is known for their diversity in many ethnic groups. The variation of Asian Americans is broking down into large numbers of Filipinos (27%), Chinese (26%), Asian Indians (11%), Japanese (9%), and Koreans (8%) . For Asian Asians, this sets up a perfect situation for political power or might. With population numbers being so high, incorporation efforts in these cities and suburbs in only feasible.
Hispanic or Latino are statistically proven to be one of the nation’s largest and fastest growing minority in the United States, and they rank about 15 percent of the U.S. population which is expected to double almost to 29 percent by 2050 if current demographic trends continue (Livingston, et al., 2008). Before analyzing the Hispanic health status, demographic factors should take into consideration because the structure of populations, such as inadequate, unhealthy housing and living areas with poor air quality, can determine their health conditions. More so, they have the lower prevalence in many chronic health conditions than the U.S. adult population, but higher prevalence in diabetes and obesity than the non-Hispanic wh...
Mandeep Bajaj, M. (2013, January 24). Diabetes in Asian Indians in the United States. Retrieved December 9, 2015, from indoamerican-news.com: http://www.indoamerican-news.com/?p=14157
The majority of national studies on drug use often lump Asian Americans into the category of “other” and focus mainly on African Americans, White, and Hispanics. The lack of unspecified studies has led some to believe that there is no drug abuse problem in the Asian American population. In turn, this has perpetuated the stereotype that Asian Americans are a model minority (Moloney, Hunt, & Evans, 2008, p. 377). A model minority is a group “who do not experience problems related to mental health, medical comorbidity, or addictions” (Fong MD & Tsuang MD MS, 2007, p. 52). The reality is, that although the research pool is shallow, substance abuse is present in the Asian American community (Fong MD & Tsuang MD MS, 2007, p. 52).
The Chinese in San Francisco Chinese Americans have made a tremendous impact on America and what America is today. The history of Chinese immigration is very complex and interesting. Every since the mid 1800’s Chinese immigration into the US has been occuring. The Chinese who came to San Francisco, came in large quantity and had the most impact on American society.
Literature review is carried on by using California Health Surveys and other research articles were chosen regarding disparities in colon cancer screening among Asian Americans. These articles were obtained by using literature search engines such as PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, Health Policy reference center, EBSCO and others. Key words used for searching articles were colorectal cancer, colon cancer, Asian, Asian American, South Asians, screening, etc. Articles with relevant studies were derived from these databases and only full papers published in English were included. Cancer statistics were retrieved from the World Health Statistics of the World Health Organizations database, California Cancer Registry data, and Center of Disease control and
In addition, there are many studies and reports concerning the analysis of drug–protein interactions. Drugs, protein–drug binding, enantiomers, and small molecules CE-FA applications have been used in the vast majority of these studies. Moreover, there are many studies based on HSA analyses because of the specific role that it has about the administration of a wide range of drugs in humans. The determination of protein binding and consequently the bioavailability of the drug candidates, that may be used, have been examined with CE-FA methods (Schou and Heegaard, 2006).