1.1 INTRODUCTION: -
In India, there is a large quantity of chicken waste produced. The poultry industry is growing day by day all over the India. The objective of this paper is to show that the chicken waste can be used as the feed material to produce biogas [1]. Energy is broadly classified as non renewable and renewable. Generation of renewable energy is done from natural resources and can be replenished within a short period of time. There are some renewable energy sources such as waste biomass, hydro-power by water, geothermal energy, wind energy, and solar energy [2].
Global depletion of energy supply due to the continuing over-utilization is being a major problem of the present and future world community. Therefore in today’s energy
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It is a renewable and nourish able source of energy used to create bio gas or other forms of power.
Some sources of bio mass are as:
Agricultural residues: remains from agriculture, crops, and harvesting or processing of them.
Food waste, from kitchen, restaurants, hotels preparation and processing, and post-consumer waste.
Wastes from industry and co-products from manufacturing and industrial processes.
Manure from cattle’s, pets, poultry house.
1.2.3 Cow dung:
Cow dung is a waste material generated from the cows, it is also known as cow manure or cow pats. Cow dung can be used as a fuel for burnings after drying it. Cow dung is good fertilizer for the crops and it is generally used for farming in India.
Cow dung slurry is composed of 1.8-2.4% nitrogen (N2), 1.0-1.2% phosphorus (P2O5), 0.6-0.8% potassium (K2O) and 50-75% organic humus. (Cow dung)
1.2.4 Chicken
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This bio gas is purified and stored by compressing it. This compressed is further used in many other fields as a substitute of energy sources.
The bio gas is used for:
Heating or burning.
As a fuel in vehicles for transportation
For electricity generation.
1.2.9 Opportunity for the biogas production:
In Jaipur, there are many slaughter houses and poultry farms where wastes are generated in a large quantity. Decantation of these wastes is major problem. So we have an opportunity to utilize these wastes in production of biogas. By decantation of these wastes, we can prevent air pollution. Bio gas generation is a simple and cheap method of decentralized energy production over a wide range of agricultural and climatic condition.
1.3 WHAT IS BIO GAS?
Bio gas is the bye product after fermentation of CD and CW. Bio gas is produced by anaerobic digestion process. Bio gas is a composition of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gasses. Bio gas is one of the renewable energy sources among solar and wind energy.
Table 1: Composition of Bio Gas [24]
S. NO. COMPONENT CONCENTRATION (BY VOLUME)
1 Methane (CH4) 55-60
Technically, the method is not thought of as a biofuel because it was not produced from a crop. Ethylene is used and it is produced through catalytic cracking. This is an addition reaction that is exothermic and is shown through the equation: CH2=CH2(g) + H2O(g) → CH3CH2OH(l) ΔH = - 45kj
Biodiesel is considered an environmentally friendly alternative because it reduces the amount many toxic substances. Plants such as soybeans require carbon dioxide from the air to produce their stems, roots and leaves. During biodiesel production from soybean oil, carbon dioxide is produced and released in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is considered a green house gas (GHG). However, this cycle of GHG emission does not neccersarily contribute to the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This is because the next soybean crop will reuse the carbon dioxide emitted for its growth. Another important environmental benefit is that biodiesel reduces particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. These benefits occur because biodiesel contains 11% oxygen by weight. Oxygen allows the fuel to burn better, resulting in fewer emissions from unburned fuel. And lastly, biodiesel fuels do not contain any sulfur and does not have an unpleasant smell when it is emitted from vehicles.
mainly composed of methane and carbon dioxide, is the result of the anaerobic decomposition of
Such as general domestic garbage, food waste, ash and packaging materials, human manure, emergency waste like plastic and paper, remains from disaster, mud and dirt that came from natural disaster, and many more.
converted into ethanol biochemically, but is easy to do thermochemically. The optimal biomasses for thermochemical conversions are trees and mill products. These have a high lignin concentration, so these biomass products respond better to the thermochemical method of ethanol production (Theis, 2007). Figure 3 shows the thermochemical process. The first step is drying the plants. Next the plants are burned into synthesis gas, or syngas. The syngas is made of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). This is called gasification. The gasification produces tar and sulfur, which is not clean and interferes with the making of ethanol. As a result, the syngas is sent to a tar reformer (Nasr, n.d., Theis, 2007). The tar reformer uses enzymes to convert about 97% of the tar into syngas (Theis, 2007). Then, the syngas is cleaned to get purer CO and H2 gasses. Next, the gas is compressed and mixed with a metal catalyst. The catalyst builds the gas back up into ethanol (Nasr, n.d.). There are some drawbacks to the thermochemical process, however. The catalysts used in the tar reformer are very expensive and the tar remains accumulate. Biorefineries could utilize
...ch is used to replace natural gas. He also stated that, among the equipment used to burn the biofuel, the suspension burner have the ability to exceed 99% efficiency and whole-tree burner can reduce the cost of harvesting and handling woody fuels by about 35% (Brown, 2003). Moreover, the usage of bio-energy in long term is to provide a degree of ecological balance and climate change, avoid acid rain, reduce soil erosion and minimize water pollution (Gevorkian, 2007). Therefore, biomass is environmental friendly like solar energy. Based on the research that has been carried out regarding the synthesis of gas from biomass, the gas gasifies in the internal combustion engine. The relative energy density of synthesis gas is higher than the fossil fuel under certain conditions. In addition, the relative flame speed of synthesis gas can reduce the time for spark ignition.
Alternative energy sources are renewable, and is most commonly referred to as free energy sources. There are many alternative energy sources such as hydro power, solar power, wind, biomass, and geothermal. Using alternative sources is more expensive in the long run, but it is the much safer option for our environment compared to fossil fuels. Although everything used is completely free, such as water and wind, the equipment used to generate these things are expensive. There are several pros and cons that come with the utilization of alternative energy sources.
Energy, especially from fossil fuels, is a key ingredient for all sectors of a modern economy and plays a fundamental role in improving the quality of life in less developed economies. In 2007, India is ranked fifth in the world in terms of energy demand; accounting for 3.6% of total energy consumed, and is expected to grow at 4.8% in the future. India imports 70% of the oil it uses, and the country has been hit hard by the increasing price of oil, uncertainty and environmental hazards that are concerned with the consumption of fossil fuels. In such context, bio energy constitutes a suitable alternative source of energy for India, as large amounts of raw material are available to be harnessed.
Gasification products can be divided in fuel gases and non-fuel gases. The fuel gas (mixture of Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen and traces of Methane) is called producer gas. In particular, section 2.2 focuses on the non-fuel gases such as Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, some hydrocarbons and water steam which cannot be utilized for combustion. Table 1 shows that according to the gasifier system and the gasifier agent, the biogas composition
Food waste is defined by food that is lost, wasted, or discarded and is caused through a few different processes. Food is wasted through many different ways at farms, grocery stores, and in homes. Over 40% of the food in the United States, specifically, goes to waste and 97% percent of this waste goes straight to landfills. The main issue with food waste is that the majority of food is being wasted unnecessarily. In stores, food is often thrown out because it does not meet specific standards that dictate what may be desirable to consumers. This issue of food picking is important as foods are not always being thrown away because they have gone bad, but because they have appearances that do not seem attractive. If we hope to lessen the environmental impact we have as a result of the mass
Energy can be put into two broad categories Renewable energy and none renewable energy. Renewable energy sources can be reused continually as they are abundantly found in nature. All of them are non-polluting but devices used to collect the energy may impact the environment adversely. They are free but producing storage equipment or converting them into another form of energy may be costly.
There are different kinds of resources that we can use in order to produce renewable energy. Solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power are just some of the kinds of renewable energy that might be the best options to obtain energy because they come from natural resources. Although renewable energy can be expensive to build, it has less environmental damage in comparison to non-renewable energy. Besides the natural resources such as sun, wind, water and hydrogen, we also have geothermal power, and biofuels as renewable sources.
Food waste is huge issue these days. It is a huge amount of waste that ends up in landfills and can have lasting effects on the environment. One of major issues of food waste is the greenhouse gases that it produces. Methane gas is the main culprit when it comes to the gases being released. This can absorb infrared radiation and heat up the earth’s atmosphere and cause climate change. Another issue that food waste causes is, water loss due to use for production of fruits and vegetables.
There are two types of resources using to produce electricity, non-renewable energy resources and renewable energy resources. Non-renewable energy resources or known by fossil fuel such as wood, oil, gas and coal can be defined as solid, liquid or gaseous fuels formed in the ground after millions of years by chemical and physical changes in plants and animal residues under high temperature and pressure.
Understanding the environment would help you recognise the appropriate energy production system to use. Renewable energy is an alternative natural source to fossil fuels like sunlight, wind and geothermal heat. Wind turbines and photovoltaic panels are examples of energy production systems where the conditions of a particular environment has to be taken into account. If a building is located alongside or near