Conventional chemotherapeutic agents are usually administered via the intravenous (i.v.) route. However, the major drawbacks with i.v. administration of therapeutic agents is their widespread distribution throughout the body via the bloodstream affecting both malignant and rapidly dividing normal cells in the bone marrow [64]. This leads to increased side effects, higher patient risks, decreased biodistribution of drugs to the tumor site and development of multidrug resistance against the chemotherapeutic drugs by the cancer cells[65]. Chemotherapeutics are also rapidly cleared by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), which results in a reduced amount of drugs reaching the target site leading to decreased efficacy [66]. Most of the anticancer drugs are hydrophobic and due to their toxicity to normal and cancer cells, they have to be developed in a formulation to be delivered via an i.v. route [67]. …show more content…
The retention of drug in the lung and the ability to overcome extracellular and cellular lung barriers is also a significant factor [68]. The mucociliary clearance mechanism designed to clear inhaled and possibly noxious material limits the amount of residence time of the deposited formulation in the lungs. Thus the amount of drug reaching the target site is also reduced [69]. The drug permanence in situ and duration of effect is also affected by the nature and extent of the interactions of the drug with lung lining fluid (LLF), airway macrophages and lung epithelial cells. Nucleic acids including DNA and antisense oligonucleotide have been widely studied for the treatment of lung cancer. Short interfering RNA (siRNA) is the most popular candidate being studied in RNAi therapy, amongst the different types of nucleic acids that are involved in the
Spironolactone is a light cream colored stable powder that has a faint odor (6). Spironolactone was created by G.D. Searle and is currently the only product that directly treats hyperaldosteronism, the excess production of aldosterone in the body (9). Spironolactone is in the aldosterone-receptor blockers medication category. Spironolactone is a diuretic mostly used to treat hypertension and edemas (8). The discovery that led to the development of spironolactone was aldosterone being found to be the third hormone in the adrenal cortex (6). Aldosterone is created in the zona glomerulosa that is a region of the adrenal cortex. The information know aldosterone led to research into the creation of compounds and medications
The main idea of this study is to underscore: "the need to validate potential cellular targets for adjuvant and systemic therapies on disseminated cancer cells directly"( Cancer Cell: July 2003).
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1990. Unconventional Cancer Treatments, OTA-H-405. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
...otic inhibits the β-subunit of the RNA polymerase. This is an enzyme that transcribes bacterial RNA. Rifampicin does this by binding to RNA polymerase and blocking RNA synthesis, by physically preventing extension of RNA products.27
The well-known “penicillin of cancer drugs” is probably an appropriate nickname of cisplatin due to its world widely use as the first and one of the most effective treatment for numerous cancer diagnoses. One important thing that must be point out is that cisplatin is a very simple inorganic molecule comparing to other cancer drugs which generally are complex organic molecules. In order to design and develop new related cancer drugs, cisplatin has been used as a gold model by many scientists.
Clenbuterol isn’t an anabolic steroid, but rather a stimulant belonging to a class of compounds known as sympathomimetic. This classification contains other similar compounds an average individual might be more familiar with, such as: ephedrine, amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, albuterol, and many others. This drug category is quite broad with each compound in the family being related, having many similarities and operating in a same manner through similar pathways. The effect of Clenbuterol on the nervous system involves an interaction with adrenoreceptors, located in different tissues and cell types in the body. The resulting effect of Clenbuterol binding with adrenoreceptors in different tissues
The topic of this article is medication error related to chemotherapy drugs. Forty percent of medication errors have been related to chemotherapy drugs. It is imperative that the nurses are properly trained on these medications and fully understand what is being administered before giving it to the patient as well as know what the proper dose is before administering anything to the patient. More importantly the nurse must pay close attention to their patient’s response to the chemotherapy given to the patient or it could lead to a serious injury or death.
Chemotherapy is used for many different things. Chemo can be used to keep cancer from spreading, slow the cancers growth, kill cancer cells that have already spread to other parts of the body, relieve symptoms such as pain that is caused by cancer, shrink tumors, and of course to cure cancer. Chemo can be given in many different ways. It can be given as an injection, through an IV, topically, directly into the body cavity, and orally. Oral chemotherapy is given in the form of a liquid, tablet, or capsule that you swallow. Oral chemo is not as strong as other forms but can work just as well. Chemo given through an IV is the most common.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide as it can develop in almost any organ or tissue. Significant advances in understanding the cellular basis of cancer and the underlying biological mechanisms of tumour has been vastly improved in the recent years (Jiang et al. 1994). Cancer is a genetic disease which requires series of mutation during cell division to develop, it has characteristics which can be associated with their ability to grow and divide abnormal cells uncontrollable while in the mean time invade and cause nearby blood vessels to serve its need. Even though many people are affected by cancer today, the abilities which cancer cells own make it hard to find single effective treatment for cancer. The focus of research now lies on developing drugs which target cancer cells in the hope to cure cancer once and for all.
Malignant tumors are cancerous (life threatening) and are made up of cells that grow out of control. Cells from these tumors can invade nearby tissues and metastasize (spread or invade) to other parts of the body. If cancer cells break away from the malignant tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system you will have metastatic growth resulting in a secondary metastasis. Whereas, benign tumors (not life threatening) are non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor grows slowly and it is localized and can not spread to other parts of the body. Some benign tumors will be removed because of size and weight and if they are pressing on nearby organs, nerves, and blood vessels and are problematic.
As we discussed above that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics can be seen as two sides of the same coin in order to gain better understanding of their efficacy and safety profiles.” Generally it is possible to make fairly robust predictions of the pharmacokinetic profile in man using in vitro systems and preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. A previously published survey on the causes of failure in drug development indicated that inappropriate pharmacokinetics were a major cause such as; factors as low bioavailability due to high extraction or poor absorption characteristics, short elimination half-life leading to short duration of action and excessive variability due to genetic or environmental factors. This observation has led to an increased emphasis on pharmacokinetic input to the drug discovery process throughout the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is important to realise that this may only permit the rejection of compounds to b...
This can be taken into consideration that patients taking the drug bortezomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma is not effective so the second-generation drug carfilzomib with lenalidomide and desxamethasone can be taken into account that the drug may overcome the bortezomib resistance and treat MM. Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug that is an analogue of thalidomide that possess pleiotropic anti-myeloma properties that include such as anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor necrosis factor activity [10]. This drug is derived by adding an amigo group to the fourth carbon of the phthaloyl ring of thalidomide [10]. Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid that is an anti-inflammatory medication that also has the ability to treat some types of cancers when its combined with a proteasome inhibitor drug
I believe my thesis statement is argumentative because, not all States allow for a patient to choose what form of drug they can use to relieve pain, nausea, sleep and eating problems while on Chemo and Radiation therapy. There are many studies that have prove how the use of smoking or vaporized (inhale) have help Cancer patients have a more enjoyable
De-novo nucleotide biosynthesis pathway is shown to cross talk with Ara-C activation pathway through the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RR). dNTPs generated by RR acts as competitive inhibitor against the active metabolite Ara-CTP and prevents them from incorporating into the DNA. Furthermore, high intracellular dNTP pools inhibit dCK activity, thereby reducing Ara-C activation. The RR holoenzyme is a dimeric protein and comprises of large and small subunits, ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) and ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2). In patients with advanced non small cell lung cancer treated with gemcitabine, a drug that has similar metabolic pathway like Ara-C, low RRM1 mRNA expression levels was associated with significantly longer median survival than those with high levels [28] [29].
“There is a can in Cancer because we CAN beat it.” There are more than 100 cancers in world they can be caused in many different ways. It can sometimes be caused by smoking or obesity. Once stated by someone “ no matter how good or bad you think life is, wake up each day and be... Thankful for life. Someone somewhere else is fighting to survive.” I believe money should go to the American Cancer Association because some cancers can’t be cured, we need a cure, people we know have or had cancer like my dad and some people don’t survive so we need everybody to donate to the American Cancer Association to help save people's lives.