Chemistry of Psilocybin and Synaptic Transmitters Involved
Psilocybin is a type of hallucinogenic mushroom that is
ingested by eating the raw fungi. The mushroom can also be made
into a tea and drunk. In some of the later studies done on
psilocybin, the drug was synthetically produced and then either
inhaled or injected by an IV. The drug enters the blood stream
and can cross the blood brain barrier because of it relative
metabolic similarity to serotonin (Fuller 1985). This means that
since psilocybin is chemical resemblance to the neurotransmitter
serotonin, psilocybin can trick the protein channels embedded in
the membrane of the blood vessel and pass through as if it were
serotonin and not a drug. Psilocybin (4phosphodimethyltryptamine
or N, N dimethyltryptamine (DMT)) is a naturally occurring
indoleamine hallucinogen and is metabolized to psilocin after
ingestion (Umbricht, Koller, Vollenweider, Schmid, 2001).
Psilocin is the active chemical in the plant and it is what
causes hallucinations and other behavioral changes in the
individual taking the substance. It is stated that psilocybin is
used in research because it is short-acting, naturally occurring
and draws less attention then other well-know hallucinogens
(Strassman 1996). There are not many studies done with human
subjects so the majority of data has been collected with animals
(rats in particular). In many articles the effects, both
neurological and behavioral are likened to the effects of the
hallucinogen LSD.
The hallucinogen psilocybin is considered to be a monoamine
related substance that is mediated by the effects of activity by
serotonergic systems in the central nervous system (Grilly
1998). When talking about the serotonergic systems that are
affected by the drug Psilocybin the research is focusing on the
central systems and not the periphery nerve networks. The drug
is considered to be part of the indolealkylamine group and is
classified in the chemical class of tryptamines. A number of
indolealkylamines that are hallucinogenic can be divided into
three basic groups, tryptamine derivatives, beta-carbolines, and
lysergic acid derivatives (Glennon 1985, Nichols and Glennon
1984). Psilocybin is tryptamine derived. The indole nucleus of
serotonin is commonly found in the chemical class of tryptamines
(Abraham, Aldridge, Gogia 1996). Psilocybin in one of the best
studied tryptamine derivatives and is related to other
indolealkylamines that are derived from various plants (Nichols
and Glennon 1996).
At one point or another in life, everyone has to make decisions that change one's life forever. Usually one encounters an event or a thing that propels such a decision. In William Faulkner's short story, "Barn Burning," Sarty, a young boy, is going through a period of initiation into adult life. During this process, he has to make a life altering decision. For Sarty, his father's fires become the element that plays many roles and eventually drives him to decide the path of his life.
Abner’s attempt to provide fatherly guidance is actually an opportunistic moment to justify his strong beliefs. This domineering attitude not only affects Satoris but the entire family. Pinion suggests:
Life with an abusive out of control parent often leads the offspring to grow up quicker than their years. In William Faulkner’s Barn Burning, one is taken on the journey of Colonel Sartoris Snopes (Sarty) growing up and maturing quicker than need be. Young Sarty is faced with the difficult decision of being loyal to his bloodline or to be loyal to himself. Ultimately Sarty had the strength and courage to break free from the verbal chains of fear that his father placed upon him and do the right thing, by telling on his father. This paper will highlight the two main events that were responsible for providing Sarty with the confidence and courage to do the right thing.
Faulkner’s short story “Barn Burning,” captures the intensity and dynamics of a father and son relationship. The story is set in the Old South, where the dry farming grounds of the plantations are the only places that promise hardworking men a means to support their families. Though Faulkner presents these two man characters as vastly different, the father, Abner, and the son, Sarty, share a striking similarity. They both see themselves as victims and display the traits of a victim’s status. The father is a victim of social injustice and poverty. The son, on the other hand, is a victim of child abuse at the hand of his controlling and impulsive father. Faulkner sets the tone of the story by displaying the strategies of the victims and the complexity of their abuse through the narrator’s voice.
In the short story, Barn Burning by William Faulkner, a young boy is burdened with the daunting task of choosing his family or to be honorable. The consequences the boy faces as a result of his pivotal and difficult choice will be part of the rest of his life, whether it be in a positive or negative manner.
The lord of the flies is a book about a group of boys stranded on a tropical island to illustrate the evil characters of mankind. Lord of the Flies dealt with changes that the boys go through as they gradually got use to the stranded freedom from the outside world. Three main characters pictured different effects on the other boys. Jack Merridew began as the bossy and arrogant leader of a choir. The freedom of the island allowed him to further develop the darker side of his personality as the Chief of a savage tribe. Ralph started as a self-assured boy whose confidence in him came from the approval of the others. He was kind as he was willing to listen to Piggy. He became increasingly dependent on Piggy's wisdom and became lost in the confusion around him. Towards the end of the story when he was kicked out of the savage boys he was forced to live without Piggy and live by himself. Piggy was an educated boy that was more mature than the others, that was used to being picked on. His experiences on the island were a reality check of how extreme people can be with their words.
The short story "Barn Burning" by William Faulkner is a stark look at the struggle of a boy to try to do what is right, or do what is best for his family during the post Civil War era. The main character, Sartoris Snopes is a poor son of a migrant tenant farmer who, in the opening scene is being questioned about the burning of a farmers barn by his father, Abner Snopes. The boy is torn between choosing what is right, telling the truth, or lying to protect his father. The boy is not forced to tell to judge about his father burning the barn, but is certain he would have told if asked. The father is a soldier from the Civil War and has a knack for burning down the barns of those who cross his path. Faulkner uses the symbol of blood to illustrate the theme of loyalty to the family.
Written as it was, at the ebb of the 1930s, a decade of social, economic, and cultural tumult, the decade of the Great Depression, William Faulkner's short story "Barn Burning" may be read and discussed in our classrooms as just that--a story of the '30s, for "Barn Burning" offers students insights into these years as they were lived by the nation and the South and captured by our artists. This story was first published in June of 1939 in Harper's Magazine and later awarded the 0. Henry Memorial Award for the best short story of the year. Whether read alone, as part of a thematic unit on the Depression era, or as an element of an interdisciplinary course of the Depression '30s, "Barn Burning" can be used to awaken students to the race, class, and economic turmoil of the decade.
On December 7th, 1941, approximately 360 Japanese aircrafts attacked the U.S. Naval Base in Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii1. The Pearl Harbor attack took the American Army completely by surprise, and angered the country as a whole. Americans took the Pearl Harbor attack as a personal blow, and changed the minds of all who still believed in American neutrality in the war. The U.S. Congress declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941, officially entering the U.S. into World War II. With the start of the war, came many changes in the everyday life of ordinary Americans. There were many shortages in household items, such as flashlights, batteries, waffle irons, plastic toys, and tea2. On the East Coast, the supply of gasoline was reduced by 20%, and the rationing of many household items and food was introduced into many homes of American citizens3. One of the biggest changes in ordinary American life during this time was brought about by the draft, which resulted in the loss of roughly 12,209,240 American men by 1945 who had gone to join the armed forces4. During World War II, the number of men away at war resulted in America being in desperate need of more factory hands to manufacture weapons and supplies for the troops and of service in the military itself. The women of America then found themselves being thrust into these positions and offered occupations of higher respect, rank, and pay than previously. The immense number of women who participated in World War II played an imperative role in increasing the freedom of American women in the workplace, in the military, and on the home front.
Ford, Marilyn Claire. "Narrative Legerdemain: Evoking Sarty's Future In 'Barn Burning'." Mississippi Quarterly: The Journal Of Southern Cultures 51.3 (1998): 527-540. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 28 Feb. 2013.
In a young boy’s life, making the morally right choice can be difficult especially when the choice goes against someone that is suppose to be respected, such as a parent. “Barn Burning” by William Faulkner is a coming of age story about a son of a poor and evil sharecropper. Showing the difference between good and evil, Faulkner uses character descriptions and plot, revealing Sarty’s struggles’s as he chooses between making the morally right decision or to be loyal to a dishonest father.
Some of history’s most famous speeches given during this time include John F. Kennedy’s “A strategy to Peace” and Dwight D. Eisenhower’s “A Chance for Peace”. These both were about peace with the Soviet Union and treaty’s and peace initiatives. An excerpt from Kennedy’s speech states:
This story follows the typical format and is narrated in the third person. In the exposition, Faulkner’s skill as a writer is demonstrated through the way that he uses detail to draw the readers into the story. Also, in the first paragraph we are introduced to the main character and protagonist in the story, Sarty. The setting in which Sarty’s conflict is established is a trial. In the trial, the justice asks Sarty, “ I reckon any boy named for Colonel Sartoris in this country can’t help but tell the truth, can they” (qtd. in...
Primarily, in December 1941, Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese and was the time span with full integration of the United States. As a result, the U.S military proliferated male work force to accumulate ranks. America was in desperation for factory out out and military equipment increased. Many adversities agencies, one specifically J.Walter Thompson, assisted the United States government with c...
Eating has taken its toll on people who live in the United States. One of the largest problems that people have is deciding how much to eat and what is healthy to eat. It was determined in the 1930s-1940s that the brain has a tremendous impact in controlling our eating habits. The main part of the brain, which controls this, is the hypothalamus. Basically, the hypothalamus measures different levels through out the body, especially in the stomach, to determine if our body needs food, which causes the sensation of hunger.