Chemistry Study Guide
Chapter 9- Thermodynamics
KE= ½ mv2
w= F∆x
w= force × distance
∙ A state function refers to a property of the system that depends only on its present state.
∙Internal Energy = heat + work
∆E = q + w
∙Pressure = Force/Area = P = F/A
∙Work= - external pressure × change in volume
w = - P∆V
Enthalpy
H = E + PV
qp = ∆E + P∆V
∆H = qp
∆H = H products – H reactants
Ideal Gas Law
PV = nRT
Energy “heat” = 3/2 R∆T
Cv = 3/2 R = “heat” required to change the temp of 1 mol of gas by 1K at constant
volume
Energy required = “heat” – energy needed - energy needed to do
to change the translational the PV work
energy
Cp = 3/2 + R = 5/2 R
= Cv + R = Cp
E = 3/2 RT (per mole)
∆E = Cv∆T (per mole)
∆E = nCv∆T
“Heat” required = qp = nCp∆T
= n (Cv + R) ∆T
= nCv∆T + nR∆T
(∆E) (PV)
∆H = ∆E + ∆(PV)
∆H = ∆E + &am...
Icefish are among the few fish families that thrive in the oxygen-rich cold waters surrounding Antarctica. They have evolved a set of unique adaptations that enable them to survive in an environment that would be deadly to other fish. Several of these adaptations are associated with major health problems in humans. Can icefish help
The purpose of the lab is to understand how to calculate the calorimeter constant by using a calorimeter. This allows us to analyze the heat reaction of different substances. Calorimetry is a word that comes from both Latin and Greek. The prefix “Calor” in Latin signifies heat and the suffix “metry” in Greek means measuring. Therefore the word itself translates to measuring heat. Joseph Black, was the first scientist to recognize the difference between heat and temperature. Energy is always present in chemical and physical changes. The change of energy that occurs when there is a chemical change at constant pressure is called enthalpy. Enthalpy changes , as well as physical and chemical changes, can be measured by a calorimeter. The energy that is released or absorbed by the reaction can be either absorbed or released by the insulating walls of the instrument.
A status quo power is a great power that aided in founding the way countries should function on an international scale. They tried to maintain a type of system or guide for how the distribution of resources as well as power should work and be upheld throughout the international community. During the Second World War, the Status quo powers were Great Britain, the Soviet Union, France, and the United States. All of these countries had their ideologies on how power should work around the world and did not want to change much.
Santiago guides his flock throughout the fields of Andalusia. He finds an old abandoned church and churchyard where he and his flock can spend the night. He sleeps on the stone floor using his book as a pillow. He anticipates his approach the Andalusian village where, one year prior, he met a merchant's daughter. Santiago and his flock approach the town. He has been herding this flock for two years. He often reflects about what he has learned from his sheep and what they have learned from him. He observes that the sheep depend fully on him to lead them to food and water. Not having to forage food for themselves, they have forgotten their instincts.
is related to the ability of the gas to do expansion work. Heat capacity at constant volume, Cv can be described using the equipartition theory, which states that each mode of motion will contribute to a molecule or atom's energy.
The porpoise of these is to determine the Specific Heat. Also known as Heat Capacity, the specific heat is the amount of the Heat Per Unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. The relationship between heat and temperature changed is usually expected in the form shown. The relationship does not apply if a phase change is encountered because the heat added or removed during a phase change does not change the temperature.
This lab is all about analyzing substances in terms of their physical and chemical changes. The physical properties of a substance can be observed and measured without changing the composition of the substance. It can be used to identify and describe substances. Physical properties of matter include odor, color, density, solubility, boiling point and melting point, and its physical state at room temperature. A colorless, odorless liquid that freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C is probably water, for example. Every substance also has chemical properties. Chemical properties, however, are observed only when a substance undergoes a change in composition – a chemical reaction. Each of the substances involved in this lab will undergo physical and/or chemical changes.
In many ways, Primo Levi’s The Periodic Table is a historical book. History and concepts relating to it are constantly addressed, and are closely intertwined with the larger autobiographical elements of the book. A concept that is frequently addressed throughout the book, directly and indirectly, is the writing of history and, in a broader sense, the historical method. An essential chapter to this discussion is “Iron.” Weaved into his stories of the chemical institute, Levi makes an important point about historical truth through his commentary on fascist propaganda, which was filled with the glorification and mythologization of history. Levi describes his aversion to heavy rhetoric because of this. To both him and Sandro, his friend at the
Chemistry 1A03 is a discussion of chemical fundamentals, including bonding, structure, reactivity and energetics, with emphasis on applications to health, energy and the environment. The typical week for chemistry starts on Mondays where I watch online modules covering the information in the weekly lectures. Before the lectures but after watching the modules, an online quiz is due at midnight every Tuesday must be completed. Some may find this structure for learning odd however, it helps hone my time management skills as the deadline for the weekly quizzes is rather rigid. Furthermore, the quizzes force me to learn the material and mitigates the effects of procrastination. Procrastination is the bane of my success and leads me to cram my learning.
The molar heat of solution is the amount of energy released or absorbed per mole of solute being dissolved in the solvent.
Regarding, the copper and sodium chloride, no visible change occurred after 5 minutes had passed. The copper metal remained at the bottom of the test tube undeterred by the NaCl. There may not have been a reaction because copper is lower on the reactivity series than sodium.
The Periodic Table is based around the Atomic Theory. Firstly people believed that everything was made up the four elements Earth, Fire, Wind, and Water. This theory evolved into everything being made up of atoms. Breakthroughs throughout history such as the discoveries of the nucleus, protons, neutrons and electrons have pushed this theory forward to where it is today.
Specific heat capacity refers to the amount of energy that is required to change the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C. With that in mind, there are countless practical applications that exist, both in general life and in the workplace. For instance, knowing the specific heat capacity of a steel pan decreases the probability of burning the kitchen utensil. In a controlled environment, such as an engine production plant, the specific heat capacity of numerous metals and plastics can be utilized to understand the transfer of heat throughout the engine. This results in increased efficiency and improved cooling due to an even transfer of heat. Nevertheless, the specific heat capacities of substances are useful in multiple modern heat systems
Markov property: the conditional probability distribution of future states of the process, given the present state and all past states, depends only upon the present state and not on any past states.
A theme that I have noticed in lab that has stood out to me is the importance of being both accurate and precise with your measurements while conducting and experiment in the lab. Given the fact that I only had one chemistry course in high school, I was unsure as to what I should prepare for with a college level chemistry course as well as the lab that went along with it. The one skill that my high school chemistry teacher always scrutinized was the ability of his students to be both accurate and precise with their measurements in the lab. He always would go out of his way to make sure that we were being as accurate and as precise as possible during our lab work. If you were not very careful with your measurements, your grade would