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Discussion and conclusion on a lab report of water hardness
Discussion for water hardness
Lab report on water hardness testing
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The purpose of this experiment is to explore the hardness of the water on campus. Hard water has been a problem for hundreds of years. One of the earliest references to the hardness or softness of water is in Hippocrates discourse on water quality in Fifth century B.C. Hard water causes many problems in both in the household and in the industrial world. One of the largest problems with hard water is that it tends to leave a residue when it evaporates. Aside from being aesthetically unpleasing to look at, the build up of hard water residue can result in the clogging of valves, drains and piping. This build up is merely the accumulation of the minerals dissolved in natural water and is commonly called scale. Other than clogging plumbing, the build up of scale poses a large problem in the industrial world. Many things that are heated are often cooled by water running thru piping. The build up of scale in these pipes can greatly reduce the amount of heat the cooling unit can draw away from the source it is trying to heat. This poses a potentially dangerous situation.
The build up of excess heat can do a lot of damage; boilers can explode, containers can melt etc. On the flip side of the coin, a build up of scale on an object being heated, a kettle for example, can greatly reduce the heat efficiency of the kettle.
Because of this, it takes much more energy to heat the kettle to the necessary temperature. In the industrial world, this could amount to large sums of money being thrown into wasted heat. In addition to clogging plumbing and reducing heating efficiency, the build up of hard water also adversely affects the efficiency of many soaps and cleansers. The reason for this is because hard water contains many divalent or sometimes even polyvalent ions. These ions react with the soap and although they do not form precipitates, they prevent the soap from doing it's job. When the polyvalent ions react with the soap, they form an insoluble soap scum. This is once again quite unpleasing to look at and stains many surfaces.
The sole reason for all these problems arising from hard water is because hard water tends to have higher than normal concentrations of these minerals, and hence it leaves a considerable amount more residue than normal water. The concentration of these minerals is what is known as the water's Total Dissolved Solids or TDS for short. This is merely a way of expressing how many particles are dissolved in water. The TDS vary from waters of different sources, however they are present in at least some quantity in all
This is an experimental lab that tested if drinking water passes the United States maximum phosphate standard. The results of this lab can help the American who drink the water know if there are too much phosphate in the water. Each group made a Potassium phosphate dilution from a stock solution. The concentration of the solution that needed to made affected the amount of Potassium phosphate that was diluted. To create a calibration curve, each group used the different concentrated Potassium phosphate solutions in their test. The lab utilized a spectrophotometer to figure out the absorbance of the five different Potassium phosphate solution and the absorbance of an unknown concentration solution. The absorbance of the unknown solution was used
Throughout The Awakening, water the main motif serves as a catalyst to the metamorphosis of Edna. During the length of the story Edna goes through a process of changes that coincides with the presence of water. Water serves as a conduit for liberation and empowerment that facilitates the rebirth and even death of Edna. In this essay I will argue that the motif of water represents the continual transformations that occur within Edna throughout the story.
Cations are positively charged ions, which are attracted to their negatively charged counterparts, anions. Precipitates can form when these cations and anions combine in aqueous solutions; however, precipitates only form if one of the products of the chemical reaction is not soluble in that solution. Solubility is instrumental in understanding how precipitation reactions occur. This is because solubility rules, determine whether a precipitate can form. A precipitate can form if the cation in the compound is soluble when combined with an anion. For example when the solutions silver nitrate and sodium chloride (reactants) are mixed, silver chloride and sodium nitrate (products) are formed. Following the solubility laws, silver nitrate is the precipitate, as it isn’t
The most interesting science concept we learned was that boiling one of our methods was proven the worst for us, but is the best way out of the three for purified water. This is scientifically proven because when in process of boiling the liquid changes state of matter, leaving behind the bacteria and the water evaporating leaving all unnecessary weight needed, also because most heat kills the bacteria. Ultra violet light on the other hand only kills the microbes, nothing else. The ultra violet light is not very effective because it leaves the remains of the bacteria in the water.
The experiment is aimed at giving a better understatement of osmosis process and the different conditions in which osmosis occurs.
As the bottled water becomes more popular, people prefer to drink bottle water over tap water. According to them, it has a better quality and taste. Unfortunately, people are being fooled by the water industries. The “purified” water, as its label, comes from municipal reserves. This research will discuss:
In the non-fiction book “The Color of Water” by James McBride, in chapter 4, James punched the boy on the bus in the face because when he tried to warn his mom through the window of where the black panther’s son was sitting, he couldn’t stretch out far enough to yell for her to hear, then the counselor came over and told him to “write her a letter” (36) as the bus drove off. James quickly became intimidated and very fearful when he noticed the Black Panther standing next to his mommy. James clearly shows that he is scared for his mother’s safety and is now irritated that he was told to sit down and be quiet. It all started when Ruth, James mother, was mugged in chapter 4, by two black men who got hold of her and stole her purse while James was with her.
According to Time magazine, studies of social isolation have scientifically proven that loneliness can literally kill and is significantly worse than obesity. James McBride evaluates this alienation with his memoir Color of Water as a result of an entity as imbecile as a racial or even religious difference. His mother, Ruth, experiences the prejudice and ridicule as a Jew living in the South. As the son, he himself experiences the stereotyping of black people in his neighborhood bringing up questions regarding identity and even race. In Color of Water, James McBride uses the parallel of his life with his mother’s life to express the destitute feelings of desolation and the hardships outsiders including Jews, blacks, and migrants encounter.
Race,Culture and identity shapes a personś life through pressure from society because James from ‘The Color of Water’ feels pressure throughout the whole beginning chapters where he's growing up from society through stereotypes, Religion and education
This would give us an extra measure of accuracy each time. Another way to improve the experiment and to produce consistent readings was to used distilled water. This is because the distilled water contains no impurities and therefore no hardness in water.
A warm water was prepared by heating approximately 100mL of distilled water in a 400mL beaker along with few boiling chips to 45-50 ℃.
1999, 71, 181-215. Minear, R., Amy, G.. Water Disinfection and Natural Organic Matter: History and Overview. ACS Symposium Series -. 1996, 649, 1-9. Richardson, S. Water Analysis: Emerging Containments and Current Issues. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2003, 75, 2831-2857.
Water Pollution is a current issue that has serious consequences; it progresses everyday in our lakes, oceans, rivers and other bodies of water.
Water quality can be described as the measurement of the condition of water relative to the requirements of humans, animals and plant’s need. When we talk about water quality testing, we are highlighting a critical piece of natural observing for civil engineers in order to create a specific structure or decision. At the point when water quality is poor, it influences almost every single form of life in our planet; going from plants to animals and thereon. Hydrology, in the other hand, is the study of water. It is important to state that hydrology is a critical part for civil engineers to determine and predicting decisions that will affect our biological environment.
When water contains a lot of calcium and magnesium, it is called hard water. Hard water is not suited for all purposes water is normally used for.