Interpretation • Referred to table 9 Paracetamol: 1.Amide: contains nitrogen and carbonyl so it’s hydrophilic.2. Hydroxyl: hydrophilic because of the presence of Oxygen that can H-bond with water.3.benzene ring: lipophilic because of non-polar hydrocarbon ring. 4. Methyl is lipophilic because of the nonpolar hydrocarbon group. Aspirin: 1. Carboxylic acid: Oxygen that’s polar which can H-bond with water. 2. Ester: lipophilic because it is non polar although it has oxygen. 3. Benzene: lipophilic because of non-polar hydrocarbon ring. Phenyl butazone 1. Carbonyl: hydrophilic because it’s polar and carries (partially positive and negative charge). 2. Alicyclic amine: has polar nitrogen that can H-bond with water, so it’s hydrophilic. 3. Benzene …show more content…
Carboxylic acid: hydrophilic, Oxygen that’s polar, form H-bond. 2. Alkyl: lipophilic, nonpolar hydrocarbons, can’t form H-bond. 3. Ether: although it has oxygen but it’s lipophilic. 4. Nitrogen: hydrophilic, polar, forms H-bond. 5. Benzene ring: lipophilic, nonpolar, can’t form H-bond. • Referred to table 10: Paracetamol there will be polarity of bonds since there is carbonyl group, OH, NH, the electronegativity will be toward the highest EN which is indicated with arrows on the molecule. Also the polarity of drug is partially since there are no charges. It seems like its partition happens more in lipid because of the presence many non-polar hydrocarbons than polar. It can be ionized in H2O since there is acidic functional groups (phenol and amide). Aspirin: has a polarity of its bonds (Carboxylic acid and ester) and polarity of it is partially same as paracetamol. It seems like its partition happens more in lipid because of the presence many non-polar hydrocarbons than polar (just carboxylic acid). It’s susceptible for ionization to water to form (carboxylate inion). Phenyl butazone Also same as Aspirin and paracetamol in its polarity, partition and susceptibility for ionization in water as it has (β-Dicarbonyl and alicyclic …show more content…
Also it will act with n-octanol because of the non-polar hydrocarbons. Aspirin has acidic functional group so it will also react with NaOH to form a salt (carboxylate ion) and it will interact with n-octanol also same as paracetamol in addition of presence of ester which lipophilic. Phenyl butazone contains acidic functional group (β-Dicarbonyl) which will interact with NaOH to give a salt (–OCO-). Also there will be interaction with HNO3 by tertiary amine which will give NH+. In n-octanol will be a reaction because of the hydrocarbon molecule. In Diclofenac there is interaction with NaOH by carboxylic acid to give a salt (carboxylate ion) and the aromatic amine with HNO3 to give (NH2+) also with n-octanol as there are hydrocarbons. Piroxicam there is interaction with NaOH with amide to give (N--C=O) and interaction with HNO3 with secondary amine (NH+) as well as interaction with n-octanol because of the hydrocarbons. Oxaprozin has carboxylic acid which react with NaOH to give (Carboxylate ion) and it has secondary amine which reacts with HNO3 to give (NH+) plus interaction with n-octanol as there are hydrocarbons and
The purpose of this experiment was to learn and preform an acid-base extraction technique to separate organic compounds successfully and obtaining amounts of each component in the mixture. In this experiment, the separation will be done by separatory funnel preforming on two liquids that are immiscible from two layers when added together. The individual components of Phensuprin (Acetylsalicylic acid, Acetanilide, and Sucrose as a filler) was separated based upon their solubility and reactivity, and the amount of each component in the mixture was obtained. Also, the purity of each component will be determined by the melting point of the component.
Part C. Ibuprofen consists of covalently-bonded carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Two CH3 molecules are single-bonded to a CH molecule. The CH molecule is bonded to a carbon atom that forms a 6-sided ring of carbon atoms. Another CH molecule is single-bonded to a carbon atom on the other side of the ring. There are 3 double bonds inside the rings between carbon atoms. On the right, another CH3 molecule and a COOH molecule are both single bonded to the CH molecule.
Acetaminophen is a replacement pain reliever for children, due to aspirin side effects. The redox of acetaminophen is an irreversible, however, this under conditions where the pH is acidic. Acetaminophen is reduced to N-acetyl-4-quinoneimine. Due to acidic conditions, it is rapidly hydrolyzed to N-acetyl-4-quinoneimine hydrate, which cannot be forced back to acetaminophen. In order to overcome this, the analysis is done in a neutral or basic buffer. This prevents N-acetyl-4-quinoneimine from being hydrolyzed and allows it to be oxidized back to acetaminophen1. Acetaminophen under a neutral environment becomes a quasi-reversible system. Since not all of the N-acetyl-4-quinoneimine can be prevented from forming the hydrate, the data will contain errors. The amount of acetaminophen stated on the children’s Tylenol was 160 mg per 5
Coloxyl (Docusate Sodium): No none interactions. However, their “detergent properties may facilitate the absorption of other substances in the GI tract, including prescription drugs”(Woo & Wynne, 2011, p. 158).
Ketoprofen proliposome formulations using pearlitol SD 200 and different ratios of HSPC and cholesterol were prepared. HSPC (a high phase transition temperature lipid) and cholesterol (for structural rigidity) were selected because of their lower risk of oxidation and improved stability of liposomes respectively. However any variation in the composition of HSPC and cholesterol results in the deformation of vesicle, which leads to drug leakage and fusion of vesicle with gastrointestinal epithelium (32). To conquer the lipid to cholesterol composition in developing stable proliposomes varying ratios of HSPC to cholesterol (total lipid mixture of 250 µM) were investigated.
The mechanism of liver injury is related to the fact that small amounts of acetaminophen are converted to a toxic metabolite. The toxic metabolite binds with liver proteins to cause cellular injury. The amount of toxic metabolite produced and the ability of the liver to remove this metabolite before it binds to liver protein influence the extent of liver injury.
Ketamine numbers many relatives in the arylcyclohexylamine class (of which it is itself a member), although not all are dissociative in effect, or indeed pharmacologically active. Arylcyclohexylamines are useful tools for chemists and pharmacologists, due to their application in research on NMDA receptors, dopamine reuptake inhibitors, and opioid receptors. Other (unrelated) chemical classes with dissociative effect include Adamantane/ memantine, L-Arg, APV, Opioids, peptides, and simple gases.
Polar molecules have a weak, partial negative and partial a positive charge. For example in water the negative charge is the oxygen atom and the positive the hydrogen atoms in the water.
All these derivatives have the same pharmacodynamics and mechanism of action, but differ tremendously in their pharmacokinetics.
1-Butanol with intermediate polarity was soluble in both highly polar water and non polar hexane as 1-butanol can be either polar or non polar compound. 1-Butanol was polar based on the general rule of thumb stated that each polar group will allow up to 4 carbons to be soluble in water. Also, 1-butanol can be non polar due to their carbon chains, which are attracted to the non polarity of the hexane.
Bioavailability is the fraction of the dosage form that reaches systemic circulation after any route of administration. In this particular study, acetaminophen was administered orally, intravenously, and rectally in healthy men aged 18 to 45 and the pharmacokinetic parameters were compared for each route. The study assumed IV bioavailability to be 100%. The bioavailability of the oral dose was 89% and 72% for the rectal dose. Drug interactions, intestinal motility, gastric pH, and stomach emptying can all alter absorption. In this study, there were key exclusion criteria implemented to try to minimize the risk of these factors influencing the results. For example, this study was limited to healthy males weighing at least 50 kilograms and testing negative for any immunodeficiencies. This would ideally eliminate factors that can alter absorption like any disease states. All participants were also non-smokers. Some studies have shown that chronic smoking can increase acid secretion in the stomach, so by eliminating smokers from this study the chance that gastric pH affecting the results was minimized. Lastly, the use of any medications or supplements in the 7 days prior to the first dose of acetaminophen administered was not allowed. In addition, during the 3 day length of the study, no other medications were allowed to be administered. These factors together removed the chance of drug interactions affecting the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen.
·Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) is an alternative to aspirin. It is also an anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and anti-platelet. Acetaminophen is much less likely to cause intestinal side affects than aspirin, however overdose of this drug can cause serious liver poisoning. The molecular formula for acetaminophen is C8H9NO2. Some examples of Acetaminophen are Tylenol, Midol, and Panadol.
Isomers are molecules which have an identical atomic composition but differ in their spatial or bonding arrangements 5. Isomers can be further divided up into constitutional (structural) isomers and stereoisomers (spatial isomers) 3. An example of structural isomers are ethanol and dimethyl ether. Both these chemicals have the molecular formula C2H6O but differ in their chemical structures. Ethanol has the chemical structure CH3¬CH2OH while dimethyl ether has the chemical structure CH3OCH3. These two compounds have completely different physical and chemical properties and are therefore easily identified and separated 6. Another example of structural isomers are catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone which all have the same molecular formula C6H6O2 but different bonding arrangement of their atoms5. Stereoisomers are of importance in API synthesis because they are not as readily identifiable as structural isomers and therefore require a more in depth analysis of the drug molecule or substance. Stereoisomers can be further subdivided into two different categories; configurational isomers which includes geometric isomers and optical isomers, and conformational
Shear, N., Malkiewicz, I., Klein, D., Koren, G., Randor, S., Neuman, M. (1995). Acetaminophen-induced toxicity to human epidermoid cell line A431 is diminished by silymarin. Skin Pharmacology, 8, 279-291.
Another group of lipids is soups and detergents these lipids are also known as car...