Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowders are available as dispersions and powders. These nanoparticles exhibit antibacterial, anti-corrosive, antifungal and UV filtering properties. Zinc is a Block D, Period 4 element while Oxygen is a Block P, Period 2 element. Some of the synonyms of zinc oxide nanoparticles are oxydatum, zinci oxicum, permanent white, ketozinc and oxozinc.
Chemical Properties
The chemical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles are as per the table below.
Chemical Data
Chemical symbol ZnO
CAS No 1314-13-2
Group Zinc 12
Oxygen 16
Electronic configuration Zinc [Ar] 3d10 4s2
Oxygen [He] 2s2 2p4
Chemical Composition
Element Content (%)
Zinc 80.34
Oxygen 19.6
Physical Properties
The table given below highlights the physical properties of
Advantages of Chemical Synthesis
Chemical synthesis is one of the most important techniques which can be done by using a range of precursors and different conditions like temperature, time, concentration of reactants, and so forth. Morphological differences in size and geometries of resulting nanoparticles are due to change or variation in these parameters.
Different chemical methods used for the synthesis of ZnO NPs are listed below. Chemical Reaction of Zinc Metal with Alcohol
Mostly alcoholic media like ethanol, methanol, or propanol are used for chemical synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. For this type of synthesis 5 mg of zinc metal powder is added to 10 mL of ethanol. Further this reaction mixture is sonicated for 20 minutes and transferred into a stainless steel autoclave and sealed under inert conditions. The reaction mixture is heated slowly (2°C to 200°C per minute) and maintained at this temperature for 24 to 48 hours. The obtained suspension will then be centrifuged to retrieve the product, washed, and then finally vacuum dried. Growth of oxide particles is slow and controllable in alcoholic media [U. Koch, A. Fojtik, et al,
Then these solutions are transferred into Teflon lined sealed stainless steel autoclaves where they are maintained at various temperatures in the range of 100–200°C for 6 to 12 hours under autogenous pressure. The resulting white solid product is washed with methanol, filtered, and air dried in a laboratory oven at 60°C. Then the characterization of synthesized samples will be done to determine their structures by X-ray diffraction technique [C.Y.Lee et al,
Cu (aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2NO3(aq)
They have a larger surface area in proportion to their volume. This enables them to interact with different types of biological systems and provides a wide variety of possibilities (Nuruzatulifah, Nizam, & Ain, 2015). The nanoparticles can be seen by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). When there is one nanoparticle, it is called a primary particle. When there is more than one, it is called a secondary particle. In order to measure these particles, they need to be suspended in a solution (Pruneanu, Coros & Pogacean, 2015). Dyed nanoparticles or internally fluorescent nanoparticles barely interact with cellular proteins which is what the study requires. They are also quite easy to manipulate. They can be easily internalized into cells and can be programmed to go to specific sites (Wolbeis,
of a zwitterion is made possible due to the basic properties of the NH2 group
Then the reaction tube was capped but not tightly. The tube then was placed in a sand bath reflux to heat it until a brown color was formed. Then the tube was taken out of the sand bath and allowed to cool to room temperature. Then the tube was shaken until a formation of a white solid at the bottom of the tube. After formation of the white solid, diphenyl ether (2 mL) was added to the solution and heated until the white solid was completely dissolved in the solution. After heating, the tube was cooled to room temperature. Then toluene (2 mL) was added to the solution. The tube was then placed in an ice bath. Then the solution was filtered via vacuum filtration, and there was a formation of a white solid. Then the product was dried and weighed. The Final product was hexaphenylbenzene (0.094 g, 0.176 mmol,
In a 100ml beaker place 50mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved.
A condenser and heat reflux was used to prevent reagents from escaping. Then the solid product was vacuum filtered. The product was recrystallized to purify it and the unknown
Thickett, Geoffrey. Chemistry 2: HSC course. N/A ed. Vol. 1. Milton: John Wiley & Sons Australia, 2006. 94-108. 1 vols. Print.
The author’s purpose in writing this book is many. One of these is to give students knowledge in the basics of chemistry. This book is an introduction to the life of chemistry itself. The theme of this book are elements, atoms, the periodic table, matter, chemical reactions, thermodynamics, DNA, electrochemistry, reaction rate, equilibrium, solutions, and much more! More broadly, the theme if this book is chemistry and its importance of it in our lives. There were many main points interesting to me, but here are a few.
This active sulphurating agent reacts at the allylic sites of the rubber polymer unsaturations to form a rubber bound intermediate, which reacts with another rubber bound intermediate or with another polymer chain to generate a crosslink. The exact activator role of ZnO is highly dependent on the type of accelerator present in the initial vulcanisation system.
Graphite oxide will be synthesized by graphite powder through pre-oxidation and oxidation process based on Hummers and Hummers Improved method (Marcano et al., 2010). 20 g of graphite powder will be stirred in a heated solution of 30 ml H2SO4, 10 g K2S2O8 and 10 g P2O5 at 80°C for 30 minutes until dark blue mixture will be formed. The mixture will be cooled to 25°C for 6 hours. After that deionized water will be added and the ingredient will be filtered and washed until filtrate become neutral pH. Then, the filtrate will be dried overnight in vacuum desiccator at 25°C. 460 ml of concentrated H2SO4 will be used to oxidise the graphite in the ice bath after the drying process. KMnO4 will be added slowly with stirring and temperature of suspension will be maintained at 20°C.Then, the ice bath will be removed and the suspension will be heating up in an oil bath at 35°C for 2 hours until the suspension is thickening and effervescence paste in brownish grey colour will b...
Plontke, R. (2003, March 13). Chemnitz UT. TU Chemnitz: - Technische Universität Chemnitz. Retrieved April 1, 2014, from http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/en/
How did the world of chemical engineering start, what's the history of chemical engineering? Chemical engineering started with a man named George Davis who is credited with the concept of unit operations. Unit operations is analyzing the process of plants, such as water, petroleum, and petrochemical. They studied and made a process to move around and mix chemicals. Unit operations is the same concept of what we now know as chemical engineering. Davis was given the credit, but in 1977 a professor of chemical engineering reported that in 1880, Davis overheard a chemical manufacturer say something about chemical engineering. Although this was never proven, its still considered Davis’s idea. Chemical engineering is also the reason that the United
There has been much excitement about the latest science news in which a remote controlled airplane was flown using seawater fuel. The U.S. Navy created the fuel by taking carbon dioxide and hydrogen from seawater and combing them to create an organic compound called a hydrocarbon, which can be used for energy. I believe this is a really an amazing discovery since the earth has a lot of seawater to use as fuel. The oil, gas and coal we currently use as fuel will not last forever. The possible use of seawater as future source of fuel is just one of many applications of organic compounds, compounds which contain carbon molecules. Carbon is a unique element because it has the ability to form many compounds with itself and with other nonmetal elements like oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorous. Carbon has four electrons on its outer shell, which leaves four electrons available to create covalent bonds with other carbon molecules and other various elements. Carbon’s unique properties include forming single, double and triple bonds which can combine with other atoms, forming chains which can combine with other elements and forming isomers, which are molecules that have similar composition as the original molecule but a different arrangement of its atoms. Organic compounds, which have been found naturally or have been made synthetically by chemists, make our life much easier. Some of the many applications of organic chemistry are in medicine, energy sources and industry.
For centuries, many scientists and researchers have pondered on the idea of combining two or more substances together to create something new. These explorations have led to the idea of what kind of reactions would occur when diverse elements are combined. This is a concept known as chemistry, a part of science that corresponds with how matter is created from different properties and the process it goes through to create a new substance. Chemistry is a scientific concept that is used in everyday life and is a crucial part in the development of new technology and substances that allow today’s quality of life. The use of chemistry branches off into many different routes, including medical related fields, agriculture, and even in weapons of
Have you ever wondered where food coloring came from? Or maybe you have been curious as to who studies and figures out what combinations of chemicals must be used to make a homogenous mixture? Well in this essay I will answer all of your questions about the very important career and different things you would study as a chemical engineer.