INTRODUCTION
Metroxylon sagu (M. sagu) or sago palm is one of the plant that can produce starch. The production of the starch from M. sagu is four times higher than Oryza sativa or rice (Lal, 2003). M. sagu also able to withstand stresses and there are not many molecular studies had been reported regarding with this plant. The characteristics of M. sagu can be studied by conducting a transcriptome analysis which can explain to us better about the plant development from gene expression. In the article that I had choose, “Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from young leaves of Metroxylon sagu” by Ching Ching Wee and Hairul Azman Roslan, they had constructed a cDNA library and preliminary expressed sequence tags analysis from young leaves of M. sagu. From the results, 434 from the total clones had been sequenced with inserts ranging from 1, 000 to 3, 000 bps with primary, plus, amplified titers of 8 9 105 and 1.0 9 109 pfu/ml, respectively. The clustered of these sequences shows that in a set of 372 tentative unigenes, there is 340 singletons and 32 contigs. The database annotated from the BLAST2GO showed that most of the transcripts involved in stress tolerance and primary metabolism.
To gain a better understanding of gene expression and moleular mechanism of M. sagu development and its ability to withstand the stresses, an expressed sequence tag (EST) library had been conducted. The effective tool for research of gene expression is cDNA library. It created the expression pattern from the selected tissue which in this case, they used young leaves. The presence of mRNAs in the selected tissue and sampling conditions will be represented by the ESTs that had been generated. EST database that had been constructed had some advantages which ...
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... the sequences analysis shows that the yielded 372 tentative unique genes (TUGs) sequences that have 32 contigs and 340 singletons. This library has a redundancy of *17% and have GC level of 45.02%. For the functional annotation of EST sequence results, the analysis of the BLASTx shows that 86.56% of the TUGs had high homology to known proteins while 8.06% of TUGs had low homology to known proteins. Total of 20 TUGs does not match any proteins in database thus may contain the potential to have the novel function in M. sagu. A total of 1, 710 GO terms were assigned from the annotated sequences. They were classified into three main GO categories which are molecular function (960), cellular component (2, 384) and biological process (2, 156). Some GO terms was mapped to one or more GO categories and that is why the total number of these three GO was higher that 1, 710.
Thank you for referring Ransley Mascurine, a 55 year-old gentleman who currently works as a counsellor and is also an avid body builder. Ransley is a non-smoker and of late, has been consuming alcohol two to three standard drinks each evening. The only regular medication is Lipitor.
The synthesised ethyl cinnamate weighed 0.56 g, which was equivalent to 140% of the theoretical yield of 0.414 g.
Modern biotechnology was born at the hands of American scientists Herb Boyer and Stain Cohen, when they developed “recombinant deoxyribonucleotide, (rDNA), [1] for medicinal purposes. Subsequently, biotechnologists started genetically engineering agricultural plants using this technology. A single gene responsible for a certain trait, from one organism (usually a bacterium) is selected altered and then ‘spliced” into the DNA of a plant to create an agricultural crop consisting of that...
Amplification reaction was done in a 25.0 µL reaction mixture containing 0.4 µL DNA (from DNA extraction), 5.0 µL of 10X PCR reaction buffer, 14.2 µL of sterelized dH2O, 2.0 µL of magnesium chloride (MgCl2, 25 mM), 1.0 µL nucleotide/dNTP mix (10 Mm), and 0.4 µL of 5 u/µL Taq DNA polymerase for each primer namely respectively. The components and the volume used for the amplification reactions are listed in Table 3.2. For the reaction, PCR reaction was performed in a programmable gradient-enabled thermocycler (Bio-Rad MyCycler™ Thermal Cycler).
...It allowed access to virtually annotate sequences freely, build and visualize maps, design primers, and restriction analysis. First, the pEGFP-N1 plasmid nucleotide sequence was found by using the NCBI nucleotide database program. SnapGene viewer illustrated the restriction enzyme cut sites used to cut EGFP gene from the pEGFP-N1 source plasmid. Then the pET-41a (+) vector sequence was found by using the AddGene Vector Database. A new DNA file representing the recombinant pET-41a (+)-EGFP plasmid was built by virtually cloning the EGFP gene insert into the pET-41a (+) vector sequence. The plasmid was virtually cut utilizing the pAD1 sense primer and pAD1 anti primer from the PCR procedure. A restriction digest experiment was designed to confirm the identity of the PCR product. The two restriction endonucleases that cut the PCR product at least once was HgaI and XspI.
Any organism that is genetically modified can be defined as a transgenic organism. The two main benefits of transgenic plants are that they can help increase yields without having to select against bad plants, and they can be resistant to toxins. In order to create a transgenic plant DNA ...
Proteogenomics is a kind of science field that includes proteomics and genomics. Proteomic consists of protein sequence information and genomic consists of genome sequence information. It is used to annotate whole genome and protein coding genes. Proteomic data provides genome analysis by showing genome annotation and using of peptides that is gained from expressed proteins and it can be used to correct coding regions.Identities of protein coding regions in terms of function and sequence is more important than nucleotide sequences because protein coding genes have more function in a cell than other nucleotide sequences. Genome annotation process includes all experimental and computational stages.These stages can be identification of a gene ,function and structure of a gene and coding region locations.To carry out these processes, ab initio gene prediction methods can be used to predict exon and splice sites. Annotation of protein coding genes is very time consuming process ,therefore gene prediction methods are used for genome annotations. Some web site programs provides these genome annotations such as NCBI and Ensembl. These tools shows sequenced genomes and gives more accurate gene annotations. However, these tools may not explain the presence of a protein. Main idea of proteogenomic methods is to identify peptides in samples by using these tools and also with the help of mass spectrometry.Mass spectrometry searches translation of genome sequences rather than protein database searching. This method also annotate protein protein interactions.MS/MS data searching against translation of genome can determine and identify peptide sequences.Thus genome data can be understood by using genomic and transcriptomic information with this proteogenomic methods and tools. Many of proteomic information can be achieved by gene prediction algorithms, cDNA sequences and comparative genomics. Large proteomic datasets can be gained by peptide mass spectrophotometry for proteogenomics because it uses proteomic data to annotate genome. If there is genome sequence data for an organism or closely related genomes are present,proteogenomic tools can be used. Gained proteogenomic data provides comparing of these data between many related species and shows homology relationships among many species proteins to make annotations with high accuracy.From these studies, proteogenomic data demonstrates frame shifts regions, gene start sites and exon and intron boundaries , alternative splicing sites and its detection , proteolytic sites that is found in proteins, prediction of genes and post translational modification sites for protein.
6.) Seshadri et al., Comparison of the Genome of the Oral Pathogen Treponema denticola with Other Spirochete Genomes. Science. 1998 Jul 17; 281(5375):324-5.
Chi-square test was conducted to account for the association between SSLP markers and the qualitative phenotypes which had a discrete distribution. Since our sample size was 12, there was 10 degrees of freedom as we would need to account for two variations of whether it flowered or displayed cell death. An outcome with a Chi-square value of 18.31 or more would be interpreted as significant at 5% confidence level. Hence, it would mean that the marker was highly associated with a particular trait. Firstly, the flowering trait was scored as this trait was more obvious as compared to scoring the plant’s cell death. The FRIGIDA (FRI) alleles were shown to account for natural variation in flowering time in Arabidopsis. FRI exhibited linkage disequilibrium with the flowering trait as they tend to be inherited together to the next generation.
Thavaselvam, Duraipandian, and Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 29 Dec. 0005. Web. 04 May 2014.
Modern techniques , rather than the gene map , maps the map of the DNA within the gene itself : the positions of short sequences " marker " are used as markers signaling over the cromosssomas . Once a gene is discovered, it is necessary to unravel its base sequence prior to its function being studied . The sequencing has become easier with the development of methods for cloning the DNA - producing large amounts of identical fragments. In the method most widely used DNA sequencing , the chain is denatured into single strands . These are then used as templates for DNA synthesis , but such that replication to as the double helix reaches a certain growth in the mold base . In addition to provide DNA polymerase and the four bases, A - G -C- T, also using small amounts of these dideoxynucleotide bases. This is incorporated , as the normal bases, the double helix growth but prevent the continuation of the chain. The fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis and the base seq...
In 1945, the American Red Cross delivered 1550 parcels of food and other goods to a Japanese internment camp of 1450 people located in North China. The Japanese planned to disperse the packages equally among the people. Of the people in the camp, two hundred were American. Some of the Americans thought they deserved more since the parcels were from their country so the Japanese planned to divide the extra 100 parcels among them. However, many of the Americans were not satisfied and thought they deserved all of the parcels.
Jena, Anupam B., Seth Seabury, Darius Lakdawalla, and Amitabh Chandra. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 18 Aug. 2011. Web. 01 May 2014.
This 1899 advertisement for Pears ' Soap came from the poem written by the British novelist Robert Kipling, who wrote about the ideas of White Man’s Burden. The artists and the company were both clearly behind the idea with American Imperialism. The image was used to help make America jump in the bandwagon to step in where the Europeans left off and bring civilization to the uncivilized parts of the world.
J. Losos, K. Mason, S. Singer, based on the work of P. Raven, & G. Johnson, Biology, 8th ed., (McGraw-Hill Education (Asia), Singapore, 2008), pp. 994-995.