INTRODUCTION: The word meconium is derived from the Greek word meconium- arion which means opium like. I Latin menium means poppy juice and in Greekmkion means poppy . It was first so named by Aristotle a Greek philosopher.There was a belief that this substance is opium like and it promotes sleep in the foetus during gestation. This was first described in the modern literature in late 16th century. It was discussed more in detail during the 19th century. The meconium is composed of urine, lanugo, vernix, hair, desquamated epithelial cells from the mouth, alimentary tract, skin and also gastrointestinal secretions swallowed during the foetal life. During …show more content…
NaeyeandLocalio in November 1999 was first person to report about the nucleated red blood cells.18 They also concluded that the NRBCs were the potential markers for finding the hypoxic insult. It was also concludedby Phelan et al thatNRBCsareapotentialmarker offoetalasphyxia.
Biochemical Characteristics of meconium:1
1. Colour – Black Green.
2. Physical property - Thick, odourless and viscous.
3. DryWeight-20-28%.
4. Water-72-80%.
5. Protein – traces.
6. Lipid–8%.
7. Carbohydrate – 80%.
8. Blood group substances – present.
9. Nitrogen–High.
10. pH – 5.5-7.0.
11. Bilirubin1mgpergramofmeconium.
12. More than 32 steroid compounds.
Electrolytesandminerals(mmol/kgdryweight)inmeconium:1
1. Sodium – 328.
2. Magnesium-48.
3. Zinc-230.
4. Calcium – 47.
5. Copper-64.
6. Potassium – 93.
7. Phosphorus-20.
8. Manganese – 20.
9. Iron-74.
GESTATIONALAGEANDPASSAGEOFMECONIUM:
Usherobserved that MSAF is seen in15.3%ofpregnanciesat39weeks,27%at 40 weeks,30-35%between 40-42weeksand44%by42-44weeks.19
Passageofmeconiumiscontrolledby the following process :
a. Hormonal
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In this study only less than 1% of these infants developed meconium aspiration syndrome and about half of this 1% were associated with acute academia at birth.Abnormally elevated levels of pCo2 levels is seen with most academic features rather than pure metabolic academia and thus the author concluded that many of the events of foetal compromise caused by MAS were acute events.Theyhypothesized that the pathophysiology ofMAS includes foetal hypercarbia which stimulatesfoetalrespirationleadingtointrauterineaspirationof meconiuminto thealveoliand it leads to lungparenchymaldamagewhich is secondaryto academia inducedby alveolarcell damage.They further noted that this pathophysiologic sequence didnotaccount for the other half ofcases ofMAS because these neonates were notacademic at birth and other unidentified (potentiallychronic)factorswere
Uebel, P. (1999). A case study of antenatal distress and consequent neonatal respiratory distress. Neonatal Network. 18 (5). 67-70
Most serious structure with regards to Osteogenesis Imperfecta , the greater part of these cases are endless in great conditions, which means the vast majority of the cases wind up in premature birth by the guardians or unnatural birth cycle by nature . In any case, a portion of the uncommon cases that do survive present breathing challenges much of the time deadly at or soon after birth, regularly because of respiratory
When a red blood cell is placed in hypotonic (very dilute) solution of NaCl some sodium ions may leave the cell. In addition, water enters the cell, and the cell swells, because the concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside of it.
Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited disease characterized by the buildup of thick, sticky mucous that can cause severe damage to the body’s organs. Mucous is usually a slippery substance that lubricates and protects the linings of the airway, digestive system, reproductive system and other organs and tissue. Problems with digestion can lead to diarrhea, malnutrition, poor growth, and weight-loss. Due to the abnormally thick mucous it can can clog airways, leading to breathing problems and bacterial infections in the lungs. Bacterial infections can lead to coughing, wheezing and inflammation. Overtime these infections can lead to permanent damage in the lungs including the formation of scar tissue, known as fibrosis and cysts in the lungs (Genetics Home Reference, 2013). The symptoms and signs of this disease vary but mostly include progressive damage to the respiratory system and chronic digestive system problems. An individuals’ lungs who are infected by cystic fibrosis have bacteria from an early stage. This bacteria can spread to the small airways, leading to the formation of bacterial micro-environments known as biofilms. Biofilms are difficult for antibodies to penetrate, therefore the bacteria repeatedly damage the lung and gradually remodel the airways, resulting in difficultly to eradicate the infection (Welsh, 1995). Cystic fibrosis patients may even have their airways chronically colonized be filamentous fungi and/or yeasts. Most men with cystic fibrosis have congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), a condition in which the tubes that carry sperm are blocked by mucous and do not develop properly. As well, women may experience complications in pregnancy. Either the c...
Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2012). The cardiovascular system: The blood. In B. Roesch (Ed.),
In both hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes, blood vessels are compromised, thus blood flow is unable to reach the brain. The restriction of cerebral blood flow results in an insufficient amount of nutrients, such as oxygen and glucose, which are being delivered to the brain. This then deters metabolic and functional processes (Boss, 2010). With the decrease of cerebral blood flow, an “ischemic cascade” is initiated within the cell (Durukan & Tatlisumak, 2007, p. 186). Due to the depleted amount of oxygen and glucose being transported to brain tissue, ATP must be anaerobically produced until oxygen can be supplied. If oxygen and glucose are not supplied in time, ATP stops being made, membrane receptors lose function, glutamate is released and a buildup of intracellular calcium, sodium, and chloride levels results (Boss, 2010). Overtime, if oxygen supply is still unsubstantial, acidosis occurs, which causes free radical formation, mitocho...
Pawar, A. K. (2009). the diagnosis of brain death. Retrieved january 29, 2014, from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772257/
There are many factors that are integrated into the successful development of a child from Prenatal growth into toddlerhood. Teratogens (outside factors) have a great impact on the babies’ inutero development. Some outside factors like second-hand smoke, smog, or fumes from cleaning chemicals can cause negative effects on the child inside the womb. A few major affects from teratogens could result in low birth weight, head circumference, slow physical growth as well as an effect on mental, behavioral and motor skills (Berk, 2003). The environment around the mother provides many of these outside factors affecting the baby’s growth. But the main link to teratogens during the gestation period is most likely the mother. Daniel S. Messinger and the National Institute on Drug Abuse found that 2.8% of pregnant women admitted to using illicit drugs during their pregnancy (1996). Through illicit drug use, tobacco use and alcohol use, the mother disrupts her baby’s growth with possibly permanent damage.
I used the article titled, “The Reaction of Oxy Hemoglobin with Nitrite: Mechanism, Antioxidant-Modulated Effect, and Implications for Blood Substitute Evaluation” from the journal Molecules.
Person, A. & Mintz, M., (2006), Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory Tract, Disorders of the Respiratory Tract, pp. 11-17, New Jersey: Human Press Inc.
Alveolar hyperventilation causes a decreased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2). The decrease in PaCO2 increases the ratio of bicarbonate concentration to PaCO2 which increases the pH level. The decrease in PaCO2 develops when a strong respiratory stimulus causes the respiratory system to remove more carbon dioxide than is produced. Respiratory alkalosis can be acute or chronic. Acute respiratory alkalosis is when the PaCO2 level is below the lower limit of normal and the serum pH is alkalemic. Chronic respiratory alkalosis is when the PaCO2 level is below the lower limit of normal, but the pH level is relatively normal or near normal. Respiratory alkalosis is the most common acid-base abnormality observed in patients who are critically ill. It is associated with numerous illnesses and is a common finding in patients on mechanical ventilation. Many cardiac and pulmonary disorders can occur with respiratory alkalosis. When respiratory alkalosis is present, the cause may be a minor or non–life-threatening disorder. However, more serious disease processes should also be considered in the differential diagnosis (Byrd, 2017). Hyperventilation is most likely the underlying cause of respiratory alkalosis. Hyperventilation is also known as over breathing (O’Connell, 2017).
Rodak, B. F., Fritsma, g. A., & Doig, K. (2007). Hematology: Clinical Principles and applications. St. louis: Saunders Elsevier.
KOURY, M. J., and HAASE, V. H., 2015. Anaemia in Kidney Disease: Harnessing Hypoxia Responses for Therapy. Nature [online]. June, vol. 11, pp. 394-410 [viewed 20 February 2016]. Available from: http://www.nature.com
The way carbon monoxide affects the body is by entering into the red blood cells and replacing the oxygen our body needs in order to function properly. The blood takes t...