COMPARATIVE ANATOMY INTEGUMENT AND ITS DERIVATIVES Integument is the outer protective covering of the body which includes skin and all the structures derived from it. The integumentary system is the largest organ system of the body. The integumentary system has a variety of functions. It may function as water proof, cushion, and provides protection to the deeper tissues, regulate temperature, excretes waste and is the site of sensory receptor for pain, pressure and temperature. So, it is popularly called as “Jack of all trades but Master of none’ …show more content…
*Lower layer of dermis is made up of connective tissue. Fig. 26.6 V. S. Skin of reptiles
Birds:-*In birds, the integument is thin and is of loose fitting to have maximum freedom of movement for flight. *The skin is covered with feathers (Fig.26.7) and lacks chromatophores.
*In birds skin glands are absent, except uroopygial gland which is well developed in aquatic birds. *The epidermis is soft, except on feet and shank where it is thick and forms epidermal scales. *Dermis is compact and is devoid of dermal elements. *Feathers and scales contain pigment cells.
Fig. 26.7 V. S. of skin of pigeon
Mammals:-* Mammalian skin is elastic, water proof and thickest (Fig. 26.7) among vertebrate
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separates from the underlying muscles by lymph . sac. *Skin consists of epidermis and dermis. *Skin consists of epidermis and dermis. *Stratum corneum is absent. *Stratum corneum is absent. *Dermis is less vascularised. *Dermis is highly vascularised. *Dermis is not differentiated. *Dermis is differentiated into stratum . . spongiosum and stratum compactum *Dermis contains unicellular mucous glands. *Multicellular mucous glands are present in dermis. *Chromatophores and iridocytes are present *Chromatophores are present in the upper part in the
To begin we will look at the integumentary system and its entire multitude of functions. The main components of the integumentary system are the skin, hair, nails, glands and nerves. For the purpose of this paper we will focus mainly on the levels of the skin and their functions. While the integumentary
Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(1):124–125. Puchenkova, S. G. (1996). "
Barone, Eugene J., Judson C. Jones, and Joann E. Schaefer. "Hidradenitis Suppurativa." Skin Disorders. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000. 21-25. Print.
Hair is considered one of the components of the integumentary system, along with the skin, nails, glands and nerves. Mammalian hair has many functions including protection from environmental factors and the ability to disperse sweat gland products such as pheromones. Almost every part of the human body is covered by hair except for the palms, hands and bottoms of the feet. On average, every person has about five million hairs; each of these hairs is born from a follicle or tiny tube-like structure that grows into the dermis layer of the skin. Oftentimes this follicle even reaches the subcutaneous layer, which is made of fat and connective tissue. (UXL Complete Health Research, 2001)
The system of the body that consists of bones, connective tissues, and cartilage is known as the skeletal system. Some major functions of this system are as follows:
Feathers are complex, branched, keratinized epidermal features commonly associated with Class Aves, or birds (Bock, 2000). Cells in the epidermis called keratinocytes are the structural components of feathers; however, the protein keratin varies in its distribution and can be of different types (Prum, 2002). Many functions involved with feathers include thermal insulation, flight, cleaning of plumage, heat protection, sound production, chemical defenses, water repulsion of plumage, social communication, streamlining the body, and the sensation of touch (Bock, 2000; Prum, 2002). A wide variety of feathers have been characterized. Feathers covering the body are known as contour feathers (Bock, 2000). Contour feathers covering the wings are called remiges, while those covering the tails are called retrices (Bock, 2000). Additional types of feathers include semiplumes, down and powdered down feathers, bristles and semibristles, filoplumes, courtship plumes, and oil gland feathers (Bock, 2000). General characteristics of feathers include the presence of a calamus, which anchors the feather into the bird’s integument (Bock, 2000). Barbs, or closely spaced branches, are attached to the central shaft known as the rachis (Bock, 2000). Barbs on each side of the rachis form a vane (Bock, 2000). Proximal and distal barbules originate from barbs; proximal barbules are near the base of the feather while distal barbules are at the tip of the feather (Bock, 2000; Prum, 2002). When these barbules interlock, the structure of the vane is preserved (Bock, 2000).
Our skin functions as a daily defense for our bodies against disease because of skin and mucous membranes. The skin is a massive organ and it protects everything inside our bodies such as our muscles, bones and organs. Our skin protects us from bacteria, parasites, viruses and pathogens ...
The skin is the largest organ in the body, covering the bones and internal organs, protecting them from injuries, it serves as a barrier to germs, and bacteria and helps to prevent fluid loss. The skin helps to control the body’s temperature and also aids in removing certain body wastes, therefore making it a vital organ just as any other organ such as the heart or brain.
The human body is a complex system that often malfunctions. Many people believe that numerous diseases are natural reflection of the body aging and cannot be avoided. The goal of my paper is to elaborate this perception and explain that maintain healthy and active lifestyle can result in healthy body.
The nose is divided into the right and left cavities and is lined with tiny hairs and mucous membrane, which secretes a sticky fluid, called mucus, which helps prevent dust and bacteria from entering the lungs. The nose moistens, warms and filters the air and is an organ, which senses smell. The naso-pharynx is the upper part of the nasal cavity behind the nose, and is lined with mucous membrane. The naso-pharynx continues to filter, warm and moisten the incoming air.
The integumentary system has five main functions. The five main functions of the integumentary system are protection, regulation, sensation, absorption, and secretion. It consists of the hair, nails, skin, sebaceous and sweat glands. The largest organ of the entire body is the skin. The skin consists of three different layers. The epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous layer, these are the three layers of the skin. There is a layer that is deeper than the skin and contains body fat, that layer is called the hypodermis. Sweat glands are also called sudoriferous glands. One of the functions of the skin is to maintain homeostasis. Synthesis of vitamin D, excretion of urea, excretion of salts and water are a few things that the skin is also capable of. The top layer of the skin is called the epidermis. The epidermis contains five different layers. These layers are the stratum corneum, the stratum lucidum, the stratum spinosum, and the stratum basale. In the epidermis there are four different cell types. The keratinocytes which produce keratin, the merkel cells that are sensitive to touch, the langerhans cells which is a dendritic type off cell, and the melanocytes which produce melanin.
Today, the wing is among the most essential aspects of a bird. Therefore, understanding the morphology of how these wings evolved into flight plays a critical role
Antlers are not formed in the epidermis and do not consist of keratin but are...
The human body is very complex. It is like a job. You have to do a million things in one day to make it through the day. The body uses nine systems to do all of those jobs. They all have separate functions, but some work together. Each system is also made up of organs. There are many ways to care and protect the systems from the many different problems they can have. There are also many interesting facts about each system.