1.a Define and describe primary processes
A Primary Process is changing a raw material into a standard stock. This is a rather ambiguous definition as some processes can be a primary process or secondary process depending on the product being produced. For example pig iron from a blast furnace can be standard stock (for cast iron) or it can be sent to a BOS furnace for further processing into steel, which is the standard stock in this case.
Some basic examples of primary processes are:
Wood
Trees are cut down from native, regrowth or plantation forests. The trees are debarked and stripped of their limbs onsite by a special machine. This is then taken to a sawmill where they cut the wood to the correct thickness and length, known as timber. Later this can be treated, dried and shaped as a secondary process.
Steel
Iron ore is dug up from the mines and crushed and screened to the correct size fraction, where it is sent to the blast furnace. The blast furnaces uses iron ore, sinter (agglomeration of iron ore, coke and flux fines), and coke to smelt and reduce the iron oxides into liquid iron. This is done by blasting hot in the bottom of the furnace, combusting the coke and producing reducing gasses which helps reduce the iron oxides into iron. Molten iron is then cast into ladles and sent to the BOS (Basic Oxygen Steelmaking) furnace. A lance is injected into the vessel with oxygen at supersonic speeds to remove the carbon from the molten iron into form molten steel. Alloys are then added and cast into the steel stock (slabs, ingots, bar, ect...)
Aluminium
Bauxite is dug out of the ground and refined into alumina. Alumina is produced commercially by the Bayer Process. This is done by 4 main s...
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...the bike by a machine or hand. The chain links are coated in nickel and chrome for corrosion protection, and lubricants to prevent wear from the sprockets.
Overall
Most components of bikes are either made out of steel or aluminium. Aluminium is commonly being used to replace components of steel bicycles as it is much lighter and retains nearly as much strength. Aluminium is more corrosive resistant and has a more aesthetically pleasing surface finish compared to steel. This is extremely important to bicycle design as a product that corrodes less and is lighter appeals to cyclists.
Painting is another important part of bicycle construction. Most parts are painted for corrosion resistance and for aesthetic qualities. Whereas some parts, mainly the moving parts (sprockets and chain) are not painted so paint does not flake off and erode the gear systems.
The purpose for this lab was to use aluminum from a soda can to form a chemical compound known as hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate. In the lab aluminum waste were dissolved in KOH or potassium sulfide to form a complex alum. The solution was then filtered through gravity filtration to remove any solid material. 25 mLs of sulfuric acid was then added while gently boiling the solution resulting in crystals forming after cooling in an ice bath. The product was then collected and filter through vacuum filtration. Lastly, crystals were collected and weighed on a scale.
Typically, painters applied paint very thinly to economize, because paint was expensive. The physical characteristics of paint was not as important as the picture that the paint was used to
A bauxite is a mixture consisting of hydrated aluminum oxide minerals and mineral impurities which are formed by weathered aluminum bearing rocks. In 1891 bauxite was mined in Alabama from the Rock Run. However, mining came to a sudden stop because metallurgical grade bauxite became very hard to obtain. Production started back up in 1927 and has been running on a maintained basis. Due to irregular distributions of bauxite deposits, exploratory test drilling must be conducted before any mining. Alabama bauxite is used in the making of high temperature products, abrasives, and chemicals. (Tew, 6)
"Production of Refractory Metal Powders," in Powder Metal Technologies and Applications, vol. 7, 1998, pp. 188-201.
Logging was the process of cutting down numerous amounts of trees to use wood in a capitalist way or to clear land for agricultural purposes. Two main techniques were used by the settlers to clear away these large forests. One technique was called girdling. Girdling is the process of cutting a strip of bark off of the circumference of the tree which eventually killed it. Another technique used for deforestation is the "cut and burn" method. This method was the process of cutting down many of the trees and burning the rest of the brush and plants to clear land.
the iron ore to iron. In the other cases of metals the most common way
At Timber Zone, the company and its employees realize the several advantages that Reclaimed wood flooring has, and hence try to offer such benefits to their customers. For manufacturing of reclaimed wood, the company gathers wood from existing structures and manufacturers the wood for use in the flooring. Since the existing structures are depended upon for this purpose, forests and farms are significantly saved from cutting, which naturally has environmental
The Synthesis of Alum from Aluminum lab centralized on the creation of potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate from a set amount of aluminum, and using quantitative analysis to then compare the actual yield to the theoretical yield. The synthesis of alum was conducted through a series of steps involving aluminum foil, potassium hydroxide, and sulfuric acid. Given that aluminum is amphoteric, meaning it can dissolve in both strong acids and strong bases, potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid were both suitable for the dissolution of aluminum. There are multiple applications to synthesizing alum; from eliminating waste in the environment by repurposing, to utilizing alum as a medical treatment, the practicality of alum is immense.
Wood was something that was very easy to get and easy to use for people around this time. The chopping down of trees would include tools such as a saw and a broadax. Usually these tools were also made by wood that was chopped from trees. Carpenter have a various set of tools that they use when on the job.
Composites do most of the things metals can do in a bike frame. Although, often the way you go about building with composites is different than if using metals. With composite construction a mold has to be built to form the required shape and then the fibers and resin are held in the mold to harden. With metal tubing construction, off the shelf tubes a...
Taking wood from rainforests and old-growth forests is detrimental to the environment and society. However, it is possible for us to have sustainable wood if we make an effort.
General Information: First off, deforestation is the clearing of forests or areas with trees to be converted into something else after. There are a few different ways forests are cleared. Clear cutting is simply removing everything in sight. Patch cutting is the removal of trees in specified patches. Strip cutting is removing trees in selected strips. The most environmentally friendly method is known as selective cutting. This is the removal of only selected trees, leaving the others un-harmed. The technique used most during deforestation is the slash and burn technique. This uses the basic cutting method of clear cutting, but afterwards everything that remains is burned to ash.
Recycling aluminum is the process by which scrap/ used aluminum can be reused into new and differe...
Metals are widely use in industrial, economic growth and most importantly our daily life. Metals can be found in our car (steel), cell phones (gold, tin), computers (mercury, lithium), electrical wires (copper) and soda can (aluminium). But what is the prime factor that really determines the quality of metals? I would say TOUGHNESS.
Timber and especially hardwoods like mahogany and ebony are being felled at an alarming rate to satisfy the needs of the swiftly developing world. Another problem for the forest areas of the world is the type of agriculture used by some peasant farmers known as "slash & burn". This method of farming involves the burning of trees to add to the initial supply of nutrients in the soil. Over time this supply slowly wares down and so the farmer once again moves onto another plot of trees to slash and burn.