Centrifugation is used to separate different classes of particles in a heterogeneous mixture by rapid centrifugation at increase relative centrifugal force (RCF) in terms of gravitational units (x g). After each centrifugation, heterogeneous mixture released subcellular organelles such as nuclei, mitochondria as sediment. Sediment material is large, heavy organelles such as nuclei or plasma membrane that called pellet. A homogenates is subjected to low speed centrifugation. Also, other material remains in the fluid called the supernatant fraction. The pellet is separated from sediment carefully. This process is repeated several times. In each centrifugation is carried out at raptly higher speeds until whole series of pellets are taken out of solution (Sheeler, 1981). …show more content…
At each speed, the resulting force causes a fraction of the cell components to settle to the bottom of the tube, forming a pellet. At lower speeds, the pellet consists of large components and higher speeds yield a pellet with smaller (Reece. et. al., 2014) Bivalve molluse (oyster) can be homogenized by physical and chemical method. Physical to use for oyster are chopping, and grinding. Potential sources of physical damage include the denaturation of proteins, RNA and DNA upon exposure to a different temperature and also damage caused by the homogenization technique. Chemical methods are osmatic chemical lysis, sonication or freeze-thaw cycles. Potential sources of chemical damage include: the degradation of proteins, RNA and DNA by proteases, RNAse and DNAse respectively that are released from the tissue when it is homogenized. Selective excision of oyster tissue, the stomach of oyster was avoided because stomach has a high amount of enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin that degrade
The building of the grocery store is like the cell membrane, because it gives it structure and keeps everything inside safe. The security guard of the front door in the grocery store is like the cell membrane, because it says what can come in and out of the cell. The boss of the store is like the nucleus, because they tell the employes what to do and what needs to be done. The floors of the grocery store is like the cytoplasm, because it hold everything in it place, where it need to be. The illes in the store is
To begin the lab, the variable treatment was prepared as the Loggerlite probe, used to later measure oxygen consumption, warmed up for approximately 10 minutes. To prepare the variable treatment, 200ml of Sodium and Ammo-lock water was measured in a container and a pre-prepared “tea bag” of tobacco was steeped in the room temperature treated water until a light yellow color was visible. After preparing the tobacco solution the preparation for the live goldfish began as two beakers were filled with 100 ml of treated water. Each beaker was weighed before addi...
[IMAGE] In this experiment, the enzyme rennin will be used. Rennin is a coagulating enzyme occurring in the gastric juice of the calf, forming the active principal of rennet and able to curdle
Both, people and animals, use the Bays resources every day and have done so for centuries. One of the Bay's biggest resources is its oysters. Oysters are filter feeders which means they feed on algae and clean the water. The oysters feed on algae and other pollutants in the bay, turning them into food, then they condense the food down to nutrients and sometimes develop pearls. Filtering the water helps the oysters grow, and also helps clean the Chesapeake Bay.
The bay's harvest and many of its other attractions bring tourists and in turn revenue for the area. Oysters and blue crab are a big part of the culture in the bay area. However, these organisms are in danger and need help. Description of the problem Eutrophication is a concern in the Chesapeake Bay. Eutrophication is caused by excessive amounts of nutrients.
Centura Health is a hospital system located throughout Colorado and western Kansas. This organization consists of hospitals, emergency and urgent care facilities, home and long-term care facilities, Flight For Life, primary care offices, and surgery centers. The competitors are HealthOne, University of Colorado Hospital, and Exempla. The healthcare system overall is creating changes by understanding the needs and wants of the community, the competition, and becoming compliant with the new laws and regulations. This allows the healthcare system to identify market needs to create and implement ideation plans for healthcare organizations.
The pancreas can be divided into two sections when studying the histology. The pancreas has exocrine and endocrine functions, each with unique cell types. The exocrine pancreas serves to secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Some of the specific enzymes and secreted substances are Proteases, lipase, amylase, bicarbonate, and water (Bowen, “Exocrine Secretions”). These enzymes are used to break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates respectively. The bicarbonate simply act as an acid buffer to prevent damage of the small intestine as the stomach acid must be neutralized. The enzymes are created in acinar cells and the bicarbonate is synthesized in epithelial cells surrounding pancreatic ducts (Bowen “Exocrine
This article relates to this course about Biology within the cells. This article relates to
Mink Intro – External Anatomy Overview. (n.d.). mreroh.com . Retrieved May 27, 2014, from http://www.mreroh.com/student/apdocs/Dissection/Intro%20-%20External%20Anatomy.pdf
- The nurse’s mistake will increase the saltiness due to the double amount of saline in the bag.
plasma membranes, meaning animals and plants contain lipids. In this paper I will display and
It is essential for the stomach to realease the gastrin hormone so to maintain an acidity of 1.5-2 pH. Although this high acidity doesn't digest the chyme, it has many functions. The highly acidic environment kills most of the microorganisms ingested with food. It also denatures proteins and inactivates the enzymes presented in food. It is essential for activating pepsin so to do its proper function in breaking proteins, and to break plant cell wall ingested in food and the connective tissues in meat. (2)
The overall purpose of the experiments in this lab was to introduce the function and structure of the plasma membrane, describe the workings of diffusion and osmosis, and to demonstrate how different factors such as particle size, temperature, and space of diffusion area affect the rate of diffusion. With the results from the experiments, it can be concluded that all of the factors listed do affect diffusion, and there may be many more than are unaccounted for.
The first step was to obtain the White Rat and to tie it in the supine position, anterior surface facing up in side the dissection pan. To tie the animal, we used butcher’s twine and secured the front and hinds legs using a “lasso” technique, careful not touch the sharp claws. To make the first insicion I had to locate the Xifoid Process of the rat (distal aspect of the sternum). Once I had located the Xifoid Process, I had to use forceps to pull the skin of the animal’s abdomen up and use the scissors to cut. The first incision is made from stem to sternum, cutting through the errectos abdomen muscle down to the groin. The second incision ion is perpendicular to the first below the diaphragm. Because of this technique we were able to open the abdominal cavity first. The third and forth incisions were made bilaterally above the legs. The last two incisions were made in upside down “V” shape on the collarbone, to expose the thoracic cavity. This dissection was both sharp, because of the use of the scissors and scapel and blunt because of the use of the probe and forceps to move organs and skin to expose other organs not yet identified.
The exocrine function of the pancreas is that it produces enzymes that aids in the digestion of food. There are three important enzymes that are crucial in helping with digestion. The first digestive enzyme is amylase. Amylase function is to break down carbohydrates. The amylase enzyme is made in two places: the cells in the digestive tract that produces saliva and the main one specifically found in the pancreas that are called the pancreatic amylase (Marie, Joanne; Media Demand, “What Are the Functions of Amylase, Protease and Lipase Digestive Enzymes”). The amylase in the pancreas passes through the pancreatic duct to the small intestines. This amylase in the pancreas completes the process of digestion of carbohydrates. Consequently, this leads to the production of glucose that gets absorbed into the bloodstream and gets carried throughout the body. The next enzyme that aids in digestion of food is protease. While amylase breaks down carbohydrates, protease breaks down protein. Protease breaks down protein into the building block form of amino acids. The three main proteases that it produces are: pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin (Marie, Joanne; Media Demand, “What Are the Functions of Amylase, Protease and Lipase Digestive Enzymes”). Pepsin does not occur in the pancreas but it is the catalysis in starting the digestion of proteins. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are the two proteases that occur in