Hot and Cold
Winter is coming to the northern hemisphere, and with it, talk of central heating, gloves and scarves, snowfall, and record low temperatures. Monitoring temperatures is part of our everyday life — whether we're talking about the weather, our bodies, central heating, or cooking.
In the United States, we typically measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. But in other countries, such as England, you'll get the weather forecast in degrees Celsius. Recipes will advise you to bake a pie at 205ºC and not 400ºF. In fact, the Celsius scale is the most commonly used temperature scale in the world. This week, we have special cause to wonder about the history of this scale, because November 27 is the 300th anniversary of the birthday of the man who invented it.
Anders Celsius was born in Sweden in 1701. His parents didn't know that their son's work would one day make their family name an everyday word used by millions of people around the world.
Meet Professor Celsius
The world Anders lived in was very different than the world we know. Much of the knowledge that we now take for granted — such as the motion of Earth with respect to the Sun and planets — was only beginning to be understood then. In Europe, radical and brilliant scientists, such as Galileo and Sir Isaac Newton, had been developing new and revolutionary ways of understanding the workings of the world and the universe. The era was known as "the Enlightenment," and it was a good time for someone of Anders's ability to be working in the field of science.
Anders's talent came from his family of academics: one of his grandfathers was a mathematician and the other an astronomer, and his father, Nils, was a professor of astronomy. As a child, Anders showed a natural flair for mathematics, but he developed a keen interest in astronomy and became a professor at the age of 29. So, how did a clever astronomer come to develop a temperature scale?
The answer lies with the weather. When making observations of the night sky, Anders monitored the weather conditions, including the temperature. At the time there were a lot of different kinds of thermometers with different scales — by the time Anders started working on the problem of temperature measurement, around 35 different scales existed. (Compare this number with today, when three main scales are in use — Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.
To calibrate the thermometer that I bought from Irvine Valley College, I followed the steps given by my Astronomy 20 teacher, Roy McCord. First, I purchased distilled water. I then found a reliable source, to research the point at which water freezes and boils in Celsius. Water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C.
Each Mother brought baggage with her across the pacific. They wanted to teach their daughters from all of their pain and suffering, but were never able to communicate the complexities of their life. Suyuan Woo struggles to explain herself to her daughter "'This feather may look worthless, but it comes from afar and carries with it all my good intentions.' And she waited, year after year, for the day she could tell her daughter this in perfect American English"(3). The journey that brought Suyuan to America was long and full of hardship. From the Japanese invasion of Kweilin were she lost her husband and had to leave her daughters, to her assimilation in America. Suyuan wanted to teach her daughter about these hardships so that she could understand the extent of her potential. " My mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in Ameri...
The thermometer’s original temperature before coming in contact with an outside object is represented by T. ∆T/∆t is the average temperature of the digital thermometer. represents the temperature of the heat flowing object. In this lab, the temperature of the air is represented by Tair=T. To= Thand is the temperature of the hand.
The youngest of four children, Nicolaus Koppernigk was born February 19, 1473 to Barbara Watzenrode and Nicolaus Koppernigk. His father, also named Nicolaus Koppernigk was a wealthy copper merchant who had relocated his family from Kracow to Torun. Technically German, when Torun ceded to Poland, Copernicus became a Polish citizen, thus his first language was German but he also spoke Latin fluently as well as some Polish. During his education at Krakow he changed his name to the Latin form, Nicolaus Copernicus. This would be the name that would be remembered for his brilliant works.
Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in Thorn, Poland. He was the youngest son of four children and the son of a prosperous merchant. Following his father's death, his Uncle Lukas Watzelrode, bishop of Ermland, adopted him. Copernicus began his studies in Thorn and then at the University of Cracow where he studied mathematics and became very interested in humanistic studies.1 Copernicus left Cracow for Italy where he went to the Universities of Bologna and later Padua. He studied many different subjects including mathematics, canon law, and astronomy. Copernicus received a degree in medicine at the University of Padua, and went on to receive his doctorate from the University of Ferrara in canon law.
Erik Erikson was born on June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany. According to his obituary that appeared in The New York Times, his parents were separated before he was born due to the fact that he was the result of an affair. He never met his birth father. His mother was young when she had him and raised him all by herself. She eventually married physician Dr. Theodor Homberger. For many years Erikson had no idea that Dr. Homberger was not his actual father. When the truth did come out, Erikson was left with confusion about who he really was as an individual. This is what led to his interest in how one’s identity is formed. This interest continued to grow throughout his school experience. He would often get teased at his temple school for not being like the others in terms of ancestry, and because he was tall, blonde, and blue-eyed. He was also rejected in grammar school due to his Jewish background. Those negative experiences motivated him even more to figure out how exactly one forms their identity and continued to influence his work the rest of his life (Cherry, 2014).
Erik H. Erikson was born on June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt Germany and died on May 12, 1994. Erikson`s mother raised him by herself until she married a doctor, Theodor Homberger. Erik carried Homberger`s last name, but then later changed his name to Erikson. He changed it because Dr. Homberger was not Erikson`s biological father.
Temperature is measured using many different units throughout the world. Americans in the U.S. typically measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. More commonly used throughout the world is degrees in Celsius. In physics, Celsius is also commonly used, along w...
When Marty is speaking of going back to New York City her mother exclaims, “Why? Why? I’ve set things up so well for you here: you have a home, a family here. You can do whatever you want. Lie around all day and eat chocolates!” (Lai 149). Momma Wu erupts with anger at the idea of Marty making a decision out of her own design. She makes an emphasis that it was her who set things up so well for her in Taiwan. However, all she did was pay for Marty’s ticket to the east Asian island. The family and compound that they reside in was already there. Momma Wu attempts to shift unearned praise to herself as if she is trying to seem more valuable. If it seems as though she sacrificed for Marty, then her daughter will be more hesitant in going against her wishes. Momma Wu continues her tantrum as she screams, “Spend all day hunting for a boyfriend, if you want!” (Lai 149). It is said in the novel that Momma Wu was left a sizable amount of money by her husband. Because of this, it is no surprise that she would try to bully Marty on giving up on her dreams and try to find a man to settle down with. In the same altercation she goes on to say, “And finally, you got a job! A job that is well respected!” (Lai 149). However, a couple days before the outburst, Momma Wu explained how disappointed she was in Marty’s new position. Momma Wu clearly demonstrates how upset she gets when Marty makes a decision without considering her mother. Because Momma Wu is harsh on her when she makes choices without her in mind, Marty loses confidence that she has in herself and in her ability to make responsible decisions. This causes her to avoid commitment in all phases of her life. This is clearly displayed with her romances throughout the book. She is unable to commit to each relationship and ends up unhappily single. This trait gets her fired from her job on the eve of closing a very promising deal, one that could grantee the
INTRODUCTION The winter season can be a major hassle for some people while others just have to deal with a slight cool down in temperatures. Over the northern portions of the country, people are faced to deal with the harsh conditions that Mother Nature has in store. Some winter seasons are less brutal than others. Besides the typical storm systems that come through the area and drop different types of precipitation whether it is snow, sleet, or freezing rain, there’s another weather event that affects not everyone in the country, but primarily around the Great Lakes.
In 1564 Galileo Galilei was born. Pursuing his love for science, he grew up to become the father of experimental physics. Among his accomplishments were the isochronism pendulum and the hydrostatic balance. He also is credited with improving and profiting off the telescope. All these discoveries gave Galileo a great reputation allowing him to land a job at the University of Pisa. While there he started to develop interest in the Copernican theory of heliocentricity. This was dangerous work. The heliocentric theory directly conflicted with church teachings that everything, sun included, revolved around the earth.
Nicolas Copernicus died never knowing what a revolution he made in the scientific world. Mathematicians and scientist like Ptolemy, Newton, and Brahe supported his heliocentric theory. He was born in Poland on February 19th, 1473 the baby of four children. His father was Nicholas Copernicus Sr. died in 1483 when Copernicus was at the young age of ten. He and his sibling went to live with his Uncle Lucas Waltzenrode the bishop of Warmia in Germany. His family’s exceptional wealth allowed him to attend some of the finest schools in Europe. After attending Cracow for mathematics he went to Italy to study canon law. Under the influence of his uncle he become a canon, which is just below a bishop. In Italy he made his first astronomical observation one night with a friend who was a professor of astronomy. Copernicus explored many occupations: a canon, mathematician, and the one he is most known for astronomer.
...ws us that for young women to understand themselves they must understand their mothers. The mother daughter relationship in The Joy Luck Club is illustrated through a learning process especially in Waverly and Jing-Mei’s situations. Each women has to learn though her mother and her own feelings what it is like to become Chinese because that is basically what this book’s theme is. Through the novel the women are developing mentally through experience some positive and some negative. Each women finds herself through her mother and comes to peace with themselves
The limitations to this vital sign though are to understand and know the different types of thermometers. Many aspects can affect temperature such as exercise, age, stress and surrounding weather and environment. It is important to make sure the patient is relaxed and hasn’t been doing strenuous activities shortly before being assessed (Berman, 2015) . For a healthy adult, the normal body temperature should be around 37°C. Anything over that is considered a fever (Martha Keene Elkin, 2007). Similar to the other vital signs though, everybody is different and someone might have a slightly higher or lower temperature which is normal for them. There are many different types of thermometers. There are oral, rectal, chemical, tympanic and temporal artery thermometers as well as more (Berman, 2015). Depending on the person, different thermometers are used. Aspects such as being a child, not being able to move, being asleep while your temperature needs to be taken can all affect which type of thermometer a health care professional uses. For example, if a patient is asleep then it is very invasive to use an oral thermometer because you would have to open their mouth and then if they wake up they would feel very violated. My worry about taking temperature is which thermometer to use or if I could just use any. The difficult part was finding out whether there were special circumstances to use certain
School, B. (2014). Medieval Warming Period (MWP). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.