Biopolymers:
1.
A. Define the term biopolymer. A polymeric substance occurring in living organisms, e.g. a protein, cellulose, or DNA.
DNA
Cellulose
B. Chose and name one which will be the focus of your research.
i. I will be researching cellulose. ii. I have chosen cellulose as it is the most abundant biopolymer.
C. Trace the development of your named biopolymer.
Cellulose was first “discovered” in 1938 by Anselm Payen, however it had been used for thousands of years for fire, clothing, ropes, paper etc. it was also discovered to be able to be made into other useful materials, including rayon (artificial silk) in 1855 and cellophane in 1908. Cellulose was first synthetically formed in 1994.
D. Name the specific enzyme or organism used in its manufacture.
Cellulose synthase.
E. Outline the specific uses for your chosen biopolymer.
Cellulose is used for a very great variety of things, including bio fuel and the creation of paper.
F. Evaluate the use or potential use of your chosen biopolymer in terms of its properties.
One current use for cellulose is for insulation. In comparison to fiberglass insulation, cellulose has no health impacts, doesn’t lose insulating capabilities in low temperatures is made mostly of recycled newspaper, however is flammable and can “settle” at the bottom of walls
One potential use for cellulose is the production of cellulose nanocrystals to be used for numerous construction purposes. Cellulose nanocrystals have a tensile strength of 7.5 GPA(more than double that of Kevlar) are relatively cheap and environmentally friendly to produce and is clear like glass. However they will swell and significantly drop in strength when they come into contact with water.
Industri...
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...id batteries are needed to power cars without having to regularly replace the batteries, and for the starters in the cars to work. The button cell has allowed for very small, long lasting mobile appliances, and its components are relatively safe, so can be used inside the body. Lithium Ion batteries allow for small mobile devices, e.g. cell phones, and for high power mobile devices e.g. laptops.
In terms of environmental impact-
Because it can be recharged, a lead acid battery does not need to be thrown away after one use, however lead is highly toxic, and the electrolyte is corrosive, so must be properly recycled. A silver oxide button cell is not rechargeable, however its contents are non-toxic, and so have minimal effects on the environment. Most lithium ion batteries have little impact on the environment, however lithium is rare and there is a limited supply.
Both biodiesel and ethanol are derivatives of biomass that have been processed to create a liquid biofuel. Both types of biofuels have been touted as secure and environmentally safe alternatives to fossil fuels, however the research verifying these claims is extensive but often contradicting. In the following paper, the efficiency and quality of the two types of biofuel will be discussed. The effects of variables such as source materials and production techniques on efficiency and quality will be considered. Due to the limited scope of this paper however, only generalized net analyses of ethanol and biodiesel production will be considered. The production of ethanol requires one of two source materials, cellulose or sucrose, both of which are complex sugars. Currently, corn and sugar cane are the primary source materials for ethanol; however it can be produced from any plant cellulose. Ethanol is created using chemical and non chemical processes. These processes include liquefication, saccharification, fermentation, and distillation (Malca and Freire, 2006).
Much of what we wear, eat, read and use to stay healthy comes from cotton. Even its byproducts are useful as fodder for cattle, material for felt hats, production of paper products, oil for food preparations, medicine and soap. Cotton is important worldwide (Parkman 79-82).
Cushman, Lynd, Nichols, Wyman. “Fuel Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass.” Science. March 1991. Vol 251 (4999):1321
Cellulosic ethanol will not be able to meet its mandated output because in the past four years since demonstration and pilot sites started popping up it has only just started t...
The latter embraced the salts of ferrous ammonium sulphate , manganous sulphate ans cobaltous sulphate. This pre-treatment process was carried out by impregnating the cellulose thiocarbonate fabric in a single metal salt solution at 30 0C for 30 min. , as described in the metathesis procedure. The pre-metallized cellulose thiocarbonate fabric was then grafted using moderate conditions included 4% MAA , 30 mmolL SPB , at 60 0C for 60 min. The results obtained are illustrated in Figure 5a-d. The data of this figure disclose (i) that the percentages graft yield (Fig. 5a) , grafting efficiency (Fig. 5b), and total conversion (Fig. 5c) enlarge by increasing the Fe2+ salt solution concentration and attain maximal at the FAS concentration corresponds to 0.2 mmol/L ; thereafter they decrease. The homopolymer (Fig. 5d) has an adverse deportment , (ii) that all polymer criteria slightly augment by heightening the Mn2+ salt solution concentration up to 0.02 mmolL ,then fall , (iii) that the Co2+ reductant ion fails to further improve the MAA grafting efficiency and graft yield. The %TC decreases by increasing the Co2+ salt solution concentration up to 0.06 mmolL , then increases. The lone prosperity of the Co2+ ion is the enhancement of MAA homopolymer
All in all, Lithium-Ion Batteries help power the world to become more efficient and effective. These batteries power up the portable gadgets that the world takes for granted and they help foster communication and education around the world. While every portable gadget might be different in every way, one thing will always be the same among those gadgets and that is the Lithium-Ion Battery.
however, is a synthetic fiber. It is a polyamide whose molecular chains are formed by regularly
A battery is a device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy. A battery usually consists of two or more cells connected in series or parallel, you can also have a single cell battery. All cells consist of a positive electrode, and a negative electrode. An electrolyte is a liquid substance capable of conducting electricity. In this substance one of the electrodes will react producing electrons, while the other will except electrons. When the electrodes are connected to a device to be powered, called a load, an electrical current flows.
The advantage of these materials is that embankments and pavement bases for highways can be built. Some mining companies have made use of these materials for the better of the environment.
One day, scientists may be able to turn lignin from a troublesome to a treasure that is able to improve our environment.
Oils, balls, swabs, bandages, tissue, paper, napkins, diapers, socks, underwear, shirts, shorts, sweaters, pants, coats, towels, linen, cushions, drapery, upholstery, rugs, carpet, comforters, mattresses, insulation, filtration, and many other things that are used daily by everyone are composed of, or inspired by cotton. Cotton is a soft, fluffy, naturally occurring fiber plant that can be processed into an array of materials and goods.
Cells are some of the smallest organisms around. All living things consist of cells, and yet they are invisible to the naked eye. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells are made up of many different parts which allow them to function properly.
Cellulose is an abundant polysaccharide consisting of a β-1, 4 linkage of D-glucose [1,3]. There is an array of applications for cellulose, including, but not limited to: biofuels, reinforcement agents, thickeners, dietary fiber, and even wound care. As of late, cellulose, as a waste product, has been in high demand as a reinforcement agent in synthetic, petroleum-based polymer matrices (petroleum based plastics) [3]. Cellulose I has good flexibility, it is abundant in nature and also biodegradable. Because of its fiber- like structure, it has been compared to carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) [3].
Low-impact materials include non-toxic, sustainably produced or recycled materials that require little energy to process. Three main areas of the home that call for much of the focus on low-impact materials include cabinetry, flooring, and countertops. Wheatboard, also called strawboard, is emerging as a great alternative to a traditional medium density particleboard. Straw is a byproduct of the harvesting process for barley and wheat, and American farmers who supply our country’s massive cereal industry produce an estimated 150 million tons of straw each year. Usually, the straw is burned, but new markets for wheatboard are giving farmers a second income. Bales of straw waste are finely ground, sorted and dried, bound with a resin, compressed into sheets, sanded, and cut to size. Along with the resin that occurs naturally when the straw is under pressure, hi...
used to make products such as plastic lumber, toys, containers, carpet, fiber fill for jackets