INTRODUCTION:
Epilepsy a disorder of the brain which is characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate seizures and by its neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences (Nandanavana et al., 2014). Epilepsy is the second most common and frequently encountered neurological condition that imposes heavy burden on individuals, families, and also on healthcare systems (Senthil Amudhan et al., 2015). International League against Epilepsy (ILAE 1993) defined Epilepsy a condition characterized by recurrent (two or more) epileptic seizures, unprovoked by any immediate identified cause (Hauser et al., 1975). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), of the 50 million people with epilepsy worldwide,
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Anyone can be affected by seizures at any age. The causes of primary epilepsy varies significantly unclear whereas for secondary epilepsy they are many conditions causative like head injuries, infections including worm infestations, vascular disease, tumors and subtle developmental abnormalities of the brain hypoxia due to poor medical care at the time of delivery, are the important causes. Many patients have epilepsy without any such detectable brain disease. In most such cases epilepsy is thought to be due to hereditary factors.
ILAE divided the symptomatic epilepsies into ?remote? and ?progressive? types. Remote symptomatic epilepsies encompass conditions such as stroke, head injury, or central nervous system (CNS) infections and progressive symptomatic epilepsy encompasses epilepsies associated with progressive illnesses (e.g. brain tumors or degenerative disease) (Nandanavana et al., 2014). (Bharucha et al., 1988) reported that symptomatic epilepsy constituted 23% (progressive- 2%, remote symptomatic- 21%) and idiopathic epilepsy about 77%, 54% had partial and 46% had generalized seizures. In another study by (Koul et al., 1988) seizure types were found to be partial seizures in 12%, generalized seizures in 79%, and unclassified type in 9% in a population in rural Kashmir. A population-based, case-control study in India reported family history of the epilepsy, antecedent history of febrile seizures, birth by complicated
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Many people with epilepsy usually have more than one type of seizure and may have other symptoms of neurological problems as well. The cause of epilepsy varies by age of the person, but the majority of the time the cause is unknown. Common causes of seizures by age in Elizabeth Otte’s case would be congenital conditions (Down’s syndrome; Angelman's syndrome; tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis), genetics, head trauma, and progressive brain disease which is rare (Schechter & Shafer, Ltd., 2013, p.1). The diagnosis of epilepsy is based on medical history of the patients including family history of seizures. They ask several of questions to figure of what type of seizures the patients could possibly be suffering from. Doctors then preform test such as EEG, take blood, and study images of your brain. Epilepsy is treated by a neurologist specialist that may or may not subscribe medication depending on the severity and frequency of the seizures. Also treatment can be a change in the patients’ diet or
Epilepsy is a serious global problem that affects approximately 1% of people worldwide (1). Epilepsy is a chronic condition of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by epileptic seizures, which can affect physical and mental functions (2). Epileptic seizures are unprovoked reoccurring episodes of abnormal, excessive, or hypersynchronis neuronal activity in the CNS (2). The treatment options of epilepsy include medications called antiepileptic drugs (AED) and surgeries based on individuals’ specific diagnosis and background (1). The AED Keppra®, S-enantiomer of α-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide, or Levetiracetam (LEV) is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment and prevention of epileptic seizures (3).
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects the brain causing people to have seizures. A seizure is a big disruption of electrical communication between neurons, leading to the temporary release of excessive energy in a synchronized form Epilepsy is very unpredictable. Having a seizure disorder doesn't mean that you can only have one type of seizure. People can have many different types of seizures; it can vary on the person. In some cases depending on the type of seizures someone may have they can grow out of them. (“Epilepsy Foundation." What Is Epilepsy? N.p., n.d. Web. 09 May 2014.)
Epilepsy, also known as “seizure disorder,” or “seizure attack,” is the fourth most common neurological disorder known to mankind, affecting an estimated 2.3 million adults and 467,711 children in the United States. Unfortunately this disorder is becoming far more common and widespread worldwide. This staggering number of cases of people suffering from Epilepsy also involves an average growth rate of 150,000 new cases each year in the United States alone. Generally, many of the people who develop who are a part of the new are mainly either young children or older adults. Your brain communicates through chemical and electrical signals that are all specialized for specific tasks. However, through the process of communication, chemical messengers, also known as neurotransmitters can suddenly fail, resulting in what is known as a seizure attack. Epilepsy occurs when a few too many brain cells become excited, or activated simultaneously, so that the brain cannot function properly and to it’s highest potential. Epilepsy is characterized when there is an abnormal imbalance in the chemical activity of the brain, leading to a disruption in the electrical activity of the brain. This disruption specifically occurs in the central nervous system (CNS), which is the part of the nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord. This causes an interruption in communication between presynaptic neurons and postsynaptic neurons; between the axon of one neuron, the message sender and the dendrite of another neuron, the message recipient. Consequently, the effects that epileptic seizures may induce may range anywhere from mild to severe, life-threatening ramifications and complications. There are many different types of seizures associa...
Epilepsy is a very common neurological disorder. Some reports estimate that five in one-thousand people suffer from this problem. Throughout history, people with epilepsy have been shunned or considered inferior. Even today, ignorance leads many people to treat the epileptic as "abnormal" or "retarded". Although the etiology of epilepsy is still not fully understood, it is quite treatable due to advances in modern medicine.
Oxidative stress is critical as it is extensively related to human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, diabetes, cataract, aging and cancer (Zhao and Zha...
Not everyone who has a seizure has epilepsy. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Unprovoked means that there is no immediate cause for the seizure, such as a fever, an infection of the brain, or head trauma. Nearly 10 percent of people will have a seizure during their lifetime; most of these are provoked seizures during an acute illness or condition. These people may never have epilepsy. There are two types of seizures people can have. One is partial seizure or focal they begin in one part of the brain. They cause varied symptoms auras which is a funny feeling in your stomach, staring, chewing, lip smacking, shaking, or stiffness in parts of the body. Generalized seizures are when the entire brain is effected. This causes loss consciousness. One type is grand mal is when the body stiffens and jerks. Another type is petit mal, which is momentary loss of consciousness without abnormal body movement. Some factors of this are infections of the brain this includes meningitis, encephalitis, and brain abscess. Strokes are also a risk of epilepsy. Also alcohol can cause seizures for heavy drinkers when they stop drinking abruptly (withdrawal seizures) and also have a good chance of epilepsy. Epilepsy can also cause brain tumors usually they are slow growing and don't affect them for years. Some other factors that cause epilepsy is age the risk of seizures is higher in young children. Also gender epilepsy is higher in males than in females. The most common treatment for epilepsy is the daily use of anticonvulsant or antiepilectic drugs to prevent seizures. These medications act on brain signals to limit hyperexcitability. While medications do not cure epilepsy, they allow many people to live normal, active lives. Other treatments are vagus nerve stimulation this treatment involves electronic stimulation of the brain using an implanted device like a pacemaker. Another is epilepsy surgery this is when a part of the brain that is causing the seizures is removed so that it prevents it from spreading to anther part of the brain.
One percent of the population - two million people - in the United States has Epilepsy. Every year over 125,000 new cases are reported one third of which are children (Carson 7). U.S. doctors have found at least twenty different types of seizures to be in existence (Carson 11). Even though there are many ways to diagnose and treat Epilepsy, there is not a current cure.
The brain is a beautiful, hardworking, miraculous muscle in our body that works in way that we still cannot understand. The definition of epilepsy is “a central nervous system disorder( neurological disorder) in which the nerve cell activity in your brain is disturbed, causing a seizure during which you experience abnormal behavior, symptoms and sensations, including loss of consciousness” (Mayo clinic, 2013). Epilepsy is a general term for someone who has had two or more seizures. The most common cause of epilepsy usually involves some sort of injury to the brain. Epilepsy is a life threatening disease. The effect that each seizure has on the brain depends on the location in the brain, the extent of reach it has in the tissue, and the length of the seizure.
Later, the doctors told me I had epilepsy, specifically the type known as grand mal. Immediately, the doctors put me on some medications to prevent the seizures. They also gave my parents a bunch of packets of information about epilepsy. When I got older, some of those packets informed me that 20-25 million people have suffered from an epileptic seizure. Many people grow out of childhood epilepsy or they take medicine to control it. However, there is still a risk of having a seizure even if you take medication. Over the past few years, I have become increasingly aware of the chance of a seizure at any time.
Epilepsy is a condition in which a person has two or more seizures affecting a variety of mental and physical functions. Epilepsy is one of the oldest conditions of the human race. Epilepsy Awareness is important because Epilepsy is a widely misunderstood disorder. The reason that Epilepsy has been misunderstood has been mainly due to research not being conducted until the middle of the nineteenth century. There are six main types of seizures and many treatments that can assist an epileptic patient. Many facts and myths exist about a person who has Epilepsy, which, is why it is an important disorder to understand. A person living with Epilepsy can typically have a normal life after seeking medical advice from doctors.
Epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent seizures which are unprovoked by any immediately identifiable cause (Hopkins & Shorvon, 1995). It is also known as a seizure disorder. A wide range of links and risk factors are associated with the condition, but most of the time the cause is unknown. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting approximately two and half million people in the US and about 50 million worldwide. Though seizures can occur at any age, epilepsy is most commonly seen in children and the elderly. Most respond well to treatment and can control their seizures, but for some it is a chronic illness. A clinical diagnosis is the first step to finding a potential cure for the disorder.
Epilepsy, also called seizure disorder, chronic brain disorder that briefly interrupts the normal electrical activity of the brain to cause seizures, characterized by a variety of symptoms including uncontrolled movements of the body, disorientation or confusion, sudden fear, or loss of consciousness. Epilepsy may result from a head injury, stroke, brain tumor, lead poisoning, genetic conditions, or severe infections like meningitis or encephalitis. In over 70 percent of cases no cause for epilepsy were identified. About 1 percent of the world population, or over 2 million people, are diagnosed with epilepsy.
According to the book Explaining Epilepsy, “Over three million Americans are affected by epilepsy (Bender 8).” Epilepsy is a condition when a person has two or more seizures that were not the result of an obvious cause, such as heart problems and low blood pressure. (Comprehensive Epilepsy Center). Epilepsy can be diagnosed in people of all ages, but is most common in children and the elderly. A person with epilepsy is in danger at all times because he or she never knows when an epileptic attack will occur. Epilepsy is a condition that negatively impacts an individual’s life through unpredictable seizures. In spite of unpredictable seizures people who suffer from this condition are able to live a fairly normal life, with the help of medicine and treatments.
Oxidative stress has been identified as one risk factor that could initiate and/or simulate deterioration of the neurons in the brain (Prasad, Cole & Kumar, 1999). Therefore, taking antioxidants could counteract or slow the progression of the disease (Prasad, Cole & Kumar, 1999). Taking multiple antioxidants, at proper doses, is crucial because multiple types of free radicals can be constructed from each different antioxidant (Prasad, Cole, & Kumar, 1999). Since L-dopa produces free radicals, the grouping of L-dopa with elevated quantities of antioxidants may increase the effectiveness of L-dopa therapy (Prasad, Cole, & Kumar, 1999). Other than this study done by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, there are no other methods known to prevent