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contribution of Catherine the great in the modernization of Russia
essay on catherine the great
essay on catherine the great
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After Peter the Great’s death, Russia faced a long time period full of weak rulers who didn’t have any significant contributions to Russia (Farah). However, after 37 long years, a woman called Sophie Friederike Auguste, Catherine II or Catherine the Great, who had married the czar of Russia 17 years earlier, became the next great ruler of Russia. Catherine, a very intellectual woman, was interested in music and literature, knew German, French, and managed to learn Russian in a short period of time. This intelligent woman, as Russia’s monarch, was a big advantage for the country. During her reign, there was a lot of competition amongst Russia and other countries in Europe for territory. By overcoming a horrible marriage, being a ‘Great’ ruler, and being very intelligent, Catherine II was able to gain the respect of most other monarchs in Europe at the time.
Unlike most monarchs who got to the throne because the crown was passed down to them, Catherine II wasn’t in this position and therefore had to marry in if she wanted to rule. She was willing to do extreme things in order to get heir to the throne, even suffering through a 17 year marriage. This was one of the reasons that other monarch looked up to her, as she was willing to ruin part of her life in order to rule. However, there was also another reason why she wanted to marry and that was to be able to escape her controlling mother for a few years. But instead, she suffered through a hard time with her horrible husband, Peter III. With a childish and not serious man like Peter III, Catherine didn’t enjoy her long marriage at all. In fact, the two never had much physical contact, and therefore Catherine’s children were her lover’s. Catherine and Peter had cheated on each othe...
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... arts and literature to please her people. She was often compared to Peter the Great, as he was the one who had created the Russians, and Catherine put her heart in them. Because of all of these great things Catherine II did for her people, she was highly respected by them, and therefore was named ‘Catherine the Great’. All of her great ruling and experience made her hugely respected by other monarchs.
One of the greatest rulers in Russia’s history, Catherine II, was highly respected by other monarchs during her time period. Over the course of her 34-year long reign, she had gained this respect by her great ruling skills, overcoming her horrible marriage, and by the huge amount of intelligence this female monarch had. With her great achievements, she was not only hugely respected in her own time period, but still today she is remembered with respect and admiration.
In 1981, Isabel de Madariaga wrote the landmark book, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great. This book was the first comprehensive study of Catherine the Great’s reign. It was a very long, thoroughly researched, very dense book about later eighteenth-century in Russia and was meant for scholars. The book I read and am reviewing, Catherine the Great: a Short History, also by de Madariaga, is more than a shortened version of her earlier work; it is a manageable, factual examination of only about 200 pages with maps, illustrations and timelines, and genealogical tables.
Catherine the Great, really was a great ruler. I think that overall, she was trying to be very fair to everybody. In 1773 Catherine the Great had an edict called “Toleration of All Faiths.” With this edict I thought she was showing how everybody should be treated fair by tolerating free practice of people’s faith. However, the main purpose she did this was she thought it was a good way to pacify frontier territory. Then there were some instances such as how she treated the Jews and when she attacked the privileges of the Russian Orthodox Church, which was not tolerating all faiths. Putting that instance behind though I think that she really was aware of what her duties were and what she was supposed to do. She made it very clear in her law code that the End of Monarchy was to “Not to deprive People of their natural Liberty; but to correct their Actions, in order to attain the supreme Good.”
(education) From the start of Catherine reign, she was enchanted by the thought of the enlightened period. This had an emissive impact on the public-school system, which were corrupt at the time. Up till Catherina's reign the Russians schools only taught, but she wanted the students to be nurtured; not in the science or arithmetic's, but to be upbrought by the arts and
was backward and would need to change in order for it to remain being a
She tried to bring about political and social reforms by compiling a document called “Nakaz” which contained advice on how legislature should function and pushed for capital punishment and torture to be outlawed and everyone be declared equal. She focused the early years of her reign on the promotion of administrative efficiency and expansion of educational opportunities. Under Catherine reign, the Assignation Bank started issuing the government paper in 1768, having the Government Issue paper money. Ands lastly, during Catherine made substantial gains in Poland and gave the parts of Poland to Prussia and Austria, while taking the eastern region for herself. Catherine worst blunders were that she did not allow dissenters to build chapels and she suppressed religious dissent after the French revolution. Catherine ruled through corruption, scandal, and her failed attempts at reforms. Lastly, 95% of Russia did not benefit directly from Catherine’s reign, and she did not consider the blood and sweat of the people who help grow the economy during this
Peter redefined the duty of the Russian autocracy by binding together the notion of an autocrat who rules over the populace without any limitations and the notion of the autocrat who reforms society for the benefit of the populace (Whittaker, 1992, p. 78). Catherine wanted to become the enlightened and reforming despot that Peter the Great was, but she also realized the flaws that he possessed that she saw in herself. She criticized Peter for moving the capital to St Petersburg as opposed to moving it elsewhere and Peter’s failure to change the Sobornoye Ulozheniye of 1649 (Rasmussen, 1974, p. 56). However, Catherine was also unsuccessful in changing the Russian legal code as the Legislative Commission was a failure because it had not accomplished its task and she realized that this showed she herself had shortcomings much like Peter did (Rasmussen, 1974, p. 59). Nevertheless, Catherine had a vast amount of respect toward Peter and she used his image to her advantage as a political device. She used his image to overthrow Peter III and gain power over the throne. She realized that this was a necessity because “her claim to power was shaky and she worked to buttress it by projecting the image of a reforming tsar […]” (Whittaker, 1992, p. 92). Catherine did not ascend to the throne by legal right, but she had ascended to it because she had usurped her husband in order to claim power. Therefore, she
Eventually, she had a son named Paul. However, historians are unsure of who Paul’s father actually was. It is believed that his father is either Catherine’s husband, Peter, or it could be Sergei Saltykov, Catherine II’s lover at the time. When Empress Elizabeth died in 1961, Peter III and Catherine II came into power in Russia. Peter III began to alienate himself from powerful people in Russia and he also took away land from the church. Catherine II saw this as an opportunity to take control of Russia and began to become close with nobles, officials, and the military in order to have a close relationship with those whom Peter had alienated. Catherine II with help from one of her lovers, Grigory Orlov, overthrew Peter III and took the title as ruler of Russia. Catherine II had managed to get Peter III to step down, but he was strangled at one of his estates in Ropsha, Russia. In fear of being overthrown like her late husband, Peter III, Catherine II took steps in order to help her keep her seat as ruler of Russia. She gave back the land that Peter III had taken from the church and recalled the troops sent by Peter III to fight
Peter the Great had many goals during the time he ruled. One of his biggest goals was to modernize and westernize Russia. The main reason Peter the Great modernized Russia was because he did not want the country he ruled to be left vulnerable to expansionist powers in Europe. The powers were constantly at war, fighting to take over each other’...
The main challenge Alexander II faced in his projects towards modernization of Russia was a compromise between advancing his state thorough improving the lives of his subjects, without falling prey to the demand for further reforms he would be unable to satisfy. Westwood, revisiting Russian History in 1981 phrased the problem as follows: “how to advance the education of the state by educating the people, without educating the people to questions the state? ”.
The memoir gives a unique perspective of the noblewoman in this period of Russian society. A male-centered society made it difficult for women to shape and control their lives, however it was possible through means of gaining respect. The society respected woman who had a virtuous demeanor. Especially, those who lived with an immoral spouse and still were able to show virtuous characteristics. Anna is able to gain the respect of people higher in authority than her husband receiving special treatment for various requests. Through her marriage, she recognizes that her husband has rights that she doesn’t have in shaping and controlling her life privately and especially publicly. This society causes for women to depend on men completely.
Catherine was born in 1729 to a German prince and princess. She moved to Russia well before her husband’s, Peter III, reign. During the time before his reign she learned all about the Russian language and customs, even converting to Orthodoxy. Catherine started her spirited and enlightened reign in 1762. In an effort to help make a more absolute government, Catherine wished to rework Russia’s law code, which had not been changed since 1649. In July of 1767 she brought together the Legislative Commission. This was a body of elected deputies for her to consult with about her Instruction, or Nakaz. The Legislative Commission consisted of nobles, merchants and
Historically, Russia has repeatedly relied on rapid and drastic reforms to catch up to the modern Western world. Sometimes these reforms were successful, and sometimes they failed. Peter the Great’s reign is an example of successful reform, while Alexander II’s is an example of failed reform. The success of Peter’s reforms led to Russia’s rise as an imperial power, and player on the international stage, especially in Eastern Europe. On the other hand, the failure of Alexander II’s reforms eventually led to Tsarist Russia’s collapse, and the rise of the Soviet Union. Clearly, Russian reforms had an impact on world history, and must be studied as a result. This paper will seek to explain why Alexander II’s reforms failed. This will be done
Catherine’s older sister, Bonaventura, died while having a baby. After not much time of grieving, her parents tried to get Catherine to marry her older sisters widowed husband when she was at the age of sixteen. Catherine would not stand for this so she cut off her hair and fasted. She learned about fasting from her older sister because her sister's husband apparently was not that great of a husband so she would fast until he did the right thing. Catherine’s mother was not amused by this.
The way both Elizabeth and Catherine lived during their youth had an impact on their life ambitions. Raised by an exasperated father, a single-minded mother whose only goal was to have each of he...
Two years after Elizabeth’s birth her mother was executed by her father accused of being unfaithful, she was then declared illegitimate (Hilliam 10). Although Elizabeth was declared illegitimate by Parliament she was still raised in the royal household (Gale 1). Elizabeth spoke five languages fluently, including Italian, French German, Latin, Greek, and of course English; she was very sharp (Hilliam 10). Elizabeth developed a great relationship with her half brother Edward VI; they became even closer when he became king. Their strong relationship came to an end when Edward died at age fifteen due to a fatal lung disease, and tuberculosis (Hilliam 15). Her half sister Mary I, the daughter of Henry’s first wife Catherine of Aragon then took the throne (Bush 28). Mary I was often called “Bloody Mary” because of the number of people she had killed while trying to reconvert England to Catholicism. Mary felt threatened by the fact that Elizabeth was Protestant, and supported by the people of England (Gale 1). Mary thought Elizabeth was plotting to overthrow her, although Elizabeth was innocent and ill she was still sent to the Tower of London. Although Mary still was n...