Cataract has been known to mankind for many centuries, and cataract surgery for many years has enabled people to recover their vision, this assignment will be focusing on the different cataract surgery over the years the advantages and disadvantages plus on certain occasions the masterminds behind the innovations. Firstly it’s important to define cataract; a cataract is a cloudiness or opacity in the normally transparent crystalline lens of the eye. This cloudiness can cause a decrease in vision and may lead to eventual blindness. The word cataract has been derived from Greek origin which means waterfall. The original name was of Latin medicine but was lost in translation of Arabic writing s which was suffusio which was a short hand to expressing the condition; humours that flowed down into the eye.
In the 6th century BC the first case of cataract surgery that was reported used by an Indian surgeon Sushruta Samhita (also referred as a suttiah, but anyone who practised medical oculist is also known as an suttiah), this was recorded first by Celcus in 37AD, the process was known and couching .This was a process of depressing the opacified lens. The Patient was instructed to settle in the dust with legs crossed, and a strong man behind the patient to steady him. The suttiah would place a cotton wrap on his lancet for measurement by leaving an estimated space. The lid was everted; and with the one finger the suttiah steady’s the globe in the lower quadrant, the lancet was jagged on the eye close to the cornea, until penetration has reached the cotton wrap. Afterward penetration the lancet was removed and a needle inserted in the vitreous. The needle was moved in an up and down fashion to disrupt the lens membrane and to push the ...
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... by placing pressure with his thumb, after making incision on the side of the cornea. the intracapsular method was employed widely as one of the early methods to remove the entire opaque lens in one piece was done using a large incision , that extended halfway the circumference of the cornea , it was very important that the lens was intact and ripe so that it would not break into pieces , this limited the surgery to advanced cataract only , since fine sutures did not exist at that time the patient kept their head immobilized with sand paper bags around their heads while the wound held . The use of silk sutures for cataract surgery was first described by Henry Willard Williams of Boston in 1867 and General anesthesia for surgical procedures was not available until the 1840s. In 1884, topical eye drops of cocaine were used as a local anesthetic in ocular surgery.
Optometrists have accepted vision therapy, which is a medical treatment for optical muscle disabilities, as a feasible treatment used for eye related problems; claiming the treatment can strengthen vision and give the patient the opportunity to understand visuals quicker and clearer (Press). Vision therapy originated in the 1950s and over the past 25 years, has gained popularity, mainly because of new technological innovations in the field of treatment. Generally, vision therapy is prescribed as a measure mainly for people between the ages of 3 and 18. With the results from a comprehensive series of eye tests, the optometrist can work with the patient using special instruments—prisms, filters, occluders, and eye lenses—and strengthen the eye muscles, thus improving sight. According to optometrists in favor of vision therapy, these methods of treatment using these instruments function as safer routes to repair eye disabilities. Although vision therapy can yield favorable results, the practice as a treatment for innate eye disabilities has been in hot debate lately; as it can exceed $8000 and insurance companies do not cover the treatment. For decades, insurance companies have refused to accept vision therapy as a legitimate method for repairing eyesight (Boink). Concomitant with lack of insurance, the cost for a full treatment can exceed $8000, and doctors cannot guarantee a successful outcome. Recently, parents of children with eye related disabilities, such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and strabismus (cross-eye), and doctors have attempted to cooperate with public schools to allow families access to school-funded doctors to practice vision therapy. With a tight budget, most schools cannot afford to supply vision therapy, and a...
Prior to the discovery, surgeons would tie, strap, or hold down their patients to keep them from running off during surgery. Many times, the surgeon would give alcohol or narcotics to patients in order for the patient to better face the indescribable pain.
Anesthetics were not used in surgery until October 16, 1846, in Massachusetts General Hospital (Youngson 51). The anesthesia was a inhaled gas known as ether. In 1847 a doctor by the name of James Simpson popularized chloroform as an alternative to ether. According to Simpson chloroform could do more with less, act faster and last longer than ether, is more pleasing to the senses than ether, and is cheaper (qtd. in Youngson 70). Chloroform also did not need an inhaling device like ether did; it could be placed on a piece of cloth and work just as well (Youngson 70).
In the early 1800’s, before the use of anesthesia, many patients with life threatening issues would forgo surgery and choose the permanent path of death rather than undergo a painful, emotionally scarring procedure such as surgery before anesthesia. When surgeries did take place, they would be performed on the top floors of hospitals so that the other patients couldn’t hear the screams. More than 8,000 anesthesia-free operations were performed in the Ether Dome at Mass General Hospital, coincidentally the birthplace of the first surgery “without pain” (Mass General).
The title refers to the removal of a dull film from the eyes. This is
He did not use an opthalmoscope nor order an x-ray of the eye. This treatment took about twenty to thirty minutes. Later that same evening, the plaintiff’s eye bothered him again and wife tried to contact an eye surgeon was not successful in doing so until 9:00 the next morning, on Sunday. Under the orders of Dr. Carson, the eye was x-rayed whereupon he was hospitalized at about noon on Sunday. He then had surgery to remove the piece on Monday morning with Dr. Carson. Afterwards, he then had no sight in his right eye, except to distinguish between light and dark (Perry & Thompson, 2017, p. 173).
Fortunately, cataract formation on the optical lenses proves to be a malady that is simple to fix. Future scholarship on such a topic could serve to address the remaining high statistic of blindness due to cataracts. Perhaps formation of cataracts is under diagnosed due to limited health care availability for some individuals.
This first form of surgery inspired many cultures and the Renaissance era because of the spark and curiosity of human anatomy, making the medical world today very advanced from years of anatomical studies and research. Not only did the new procedures and experiments quench their curiosity, it also healed people and made their lives more beneficial by raising their life
Danvers, an insane asylum in Boston, Massachusetts was the rumored birthplace of the procedure known as lobotomy (Taylor). Dr. Walter Freeman studied lobotomy, and he was the first to practice the procedure. Lobotomy began with electric shock to the forehead. Then the eye lids were folded back and an ice pick was used to sever the frontal lobes. The patient would have black eyes after this awful procedure. This was supposed to cure an insane person (“YouTube”).
Surgeries at the time of WWI were a direct result of the Industrial Revolution’s new technology; these surgical advances struggled to fix the horrible injuries sustained by soldiers from the new sophisticated weaponry. "Every war stimulates medical research. It’s sad, but true," said Frank Freemon. Although many soldiers died during attempts at things like reconstructive surgery and Caesarian sections, experimenting in the surgical fields improved conditions and advanced the science, as well as develop new professions in surgery. During this time, surgery was becoming more successful by leaps and bounds, attempting to overcome problems that killed soldiers like hemorrhaging, infection, and gangrene, with new inventions in the field, like transfusions and asepsis. The role surgery played during this war, and in the complete history of surgery, was important enough to be repeated in a famous novel, A Farewell to Arms; “Multiple superficial wounds of the left and right thigh and left and right knee and right foot. Profound wounds of right knee and foot. Lacerations of the scalp (59).” Later in the book, x-rays and methods of birthing are mentioned; both failures and successes in surgery appear in this book, showing that, to achieve the lofty goal of improving the lives of humans, these surgeons had to experiment with surgery.
“Glaucоma is a disease оf the оptic nerve that can result in visiоn lоss and blindness” (Jampel 75). Even thоugh there are several factоrs, sоme оf which are yet tо be fully understооd, that lead tо damage оf the оptical nerve amоng persоns suffering frоm glaucоma, it has been fоund that the main treatment fоr peоple suffering frоm glaucоma remains bringing dоwn their intraоcular pressure (IОP) which is the fluid pressure inside the eye. There has been raging debate оn the use оf marijuana in the treatment оf variоus medical cоnditiоns. Even thоugh cоnservative methоds оf treatment exist, sоme patients get relief frоm the cоnditiоns that they suffer frоm оnce they smоke marijuana (Center fоr Health and Pharmaceutical Law and Pоlicy). Amоng
Glaucoma is the build-up of fluid pressure inside a person's eye. The effects of this fluid build-up depend on which of the two types of glaucoma a person has; open angle or closed angle glaucoma. With both glaucoma's, the anterior chamber is the space between the cornea and lens that is used as a passageway for fluid to flow through and deliver nutrients. However, with glaucoma, the absorbing ability of the anterior chamber wall is damaged, causing this liquid to begin to build-up in the anterior chamber. This pressure can damage the optic nerve, which results in "the progressive retrograde degeneration of axons and the death of retinal ganglion cells"(Mesentier-Louro et al. 2014, Introduction, para.1). These retinal ganglion cells receive
The surgery doesn’t take too long; it usually takes about 30 minutes. During the surgery, the patient will be laid on his or her back in a reclining chair and be relaxed using medicine. Then, the doctor will put numbing drops in the eyes. Next, the doctor will use a special instrument called a lid speculum, which will hold the eye open, and a suction ring will be placed on the eye before cutting the corneal flap. This could cause slight pressure and may cause the patient’s vision to dim a little.
“The Aravind Eye Care System has dramatically improved the quality, volume and efficiency of eye care delivery in India and inspired health workers everywhere.” (Brilliant, L & Brilliant, G. (2007)) The workflow of doctors are set high, they perform over 200,000 surgeries per year. Keeping the waiting time between each operation very small and steady, resulting in many more patients becoming operated on. “The second core principle is excellence in execution of ensuring a high level of efficiency in providing the treatment, including outpatient services and surgeries.” (Tikoo, R. Financial Express). The gap between each operation was so precise and consistent; it solely helped improve the efficiency of the hospital. “By the time the first operation was finished, the second patient already had a microscope focused on their eye. Dr. Aravind then moved straight to table no.2 without any interlude.” (Manikutty, S & Vohra, N
The first known medical procedure is called trephination. Trephination is the cutting of a hole through one's skull to relive excess pressure. This dates back to as early as the Stone Age, around 3,000 BC. Unearthed remains of successful brain operations, as well as surgical instruments, were found in France at one of Europe's noted archeological digs. The success rate was remarkable, even around 7,000 BC. Skulls have been found from about 8,000 BC with these telltale holes, most of which are exact and show growth, meaning that patients often lived for weeks, even months, afterwards . Pre-historic evidence of brain surgery was not limited to Europe. Early Incan civilization used brain surgery as an extensive practice as early as 2,000 BC. In Paracas, Peru, archeological evidence indicates that brain surgery was used frequently. Here, too, an inordinate success rate was noted as patients were restored to health. The treatment was used to treat mental illnesses they blamed on evil spirits, epilepsy, headaches, and osteomylitis, as well as head injuries. Brain surgery was also used for both spiritual and magical reasons; often, the practice was limited to kings, priests and the nobility. Surgical tools in South America were made of both bronze and carved obsidian. The Akkadians used trephination thousands of years later for the same purposes, and the practice was improved until it reached the state of today.