1. Introduction
Tourism industry is always faced with the impact of external factors on its internal environment, but not always, these impacts can be clear assessment. Natural phenomena are rarely capable to control. Cataclysms have a huge impact on the economy and the tourism industry. Natural catastrophes have a negative impact on the tourist industry, scaring off tourists from visiting those or other countries. Over the years all these disasters directly have influence on the tourism and hospitality. Touristic agencies should take measures to preserve stability in this industry. The main task of every country is to ensure the safety of tourists, because without it, they would not have demand in tourist industry.
2. Influents of natural catastrophes on tourism
2.1 Cataclysm in ancient world
Since ancient times, many people travel, but the main causes for their traveling was not fun, business, leisure or something like that, it was trade, pilgrimage and sports, however in all times cataclysms were the reason for decrease of tourism in particular place. For example all knows about the strong eruption of Mount Vesuvius at result of which city Pompey was wiped out. Before that cataclysm the city was attractive to visit, but after that it was no longer touristic destination.
2.2 Touristic crisis after earthquake in Japan in 2011
Catastrophe are those natural cataclysms that change the face of the Earth. These are: an earthquake, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, tornadoes, floods, landslides, global climate has changed etc... After any catastrophes country's tourism industry experiences a severe recession. Greatly reduced flow foreigner and profits from tourism. This happened for example in March 11, 2011, it was one of the strongest ...
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... faced and continues to face sleet , hail, frost , lightning, landslides , desertification , forest and peat fires , rains , mudslides , tornadoes , snowfall , typhoons , cyclones moving sharply . 90% of natural disasters related to weather phenomena. Most experts believe the main cause of global warming disasters as a result of human activities. People due to objective reasons tend to change holiday geographical areas, for example, instead of snowless Carpathians they go to Poland and Slovakia.
• America.
Most frequent in the Americas in the 2000s began to floods and hurricanes. Element usually affects the territory of several states - this is particularly true for the Caribbean and Pacific waters. Major disasters have become a hurricane "Katrina", flooded the August 29, 2005 New Orleans (Florida, USA), [1] and a devastating earthquake January 12, 2010 in Haiti.
Changes in behaviour of demand due to the change of consumers system of value, standard of life, style of life, affirmation of new needs, mobility and free time change the behaviour of tourist demand and leave possibility for tourist industry to implement these changes in the modern tourist industry, away from “sun-sand-sea”
This attracts not only disaster tourists, but also volunteer tourists, willing to help with the reconstructions and recovery process and also academics and students doing researches about the consequences of disaster and about the disaster tourism itself.
Strengths: This entry of the book is pretty up to date as it is published in 2017. That supports its reliability as well as its credibility. Moreover, it outlines that climate change and tourism are linked to each other and also affect each other.
Bonham, Carl & Edmonds, Christopher & Mak, James (2006, February 22) The Impact of 9/11 and Other Terrible Global Events on Tourism in the U.S. and Hawaii [Case Study].
Mega disasters, by definition are unexpected natural or man-made catastrophes of exceptional magnitude and/or causing unusually severe or unprecedented damage Ever since the beginning of time, mega disasters have shaped the planet. Even during the period of dinosaurs, mega disasters have caused our world to evolve. Mega disasters may even have contributed to the evolution of our species. Even though our existence may be the cause of them happening, not all have been beneficial.
...ourism, and the unpredictable nature means tourism can decline at any time (Williams, 2004). This in the form of destination popularity trends such as party towns [Ibiza, Magaluf, Kos, Aiya Napa]. The Cyprus tourism industry has highlighted the need in their policies to involve additional diversified quality products, such as development of marine tourism, and highlighting sport tourism in an attempt to stay ahead of competition (Andronikou, 1986) due to destinations being harmed mostly by competition of similar destinations (Henderson,2007). Also economic crises, such as the recession in 2008 causing decline in tourism (Henderson, 2007), the 2002 Bali terrorist attacks causing a 60% drop between October and November 2002 (Bareham, 2004:160), and natural disasters such as the recent 2013 Philippines typhoon, which has left 3% of the country in ruins. They are urging
We are all impacted negatively by the spike in disasters. We cannot control when and where these events happen. Everybody on Earth is at risk and will one day be effected by a disaster. Also, the government is impacted negatively. The rise is disasters has caused government relief programs like FEMA, to suffer money loss. Because of storms occurring more often, FEMA’s spending’s have risen, causing the government to pay more.
In this chapter we focus on the political and economic crises and its negative publicity on hoteliers according to various other authors in their previous works. This Chapter also looks at the political and economic negative publicity on the overall tourism and hospitality service delivery and suggests ways of dealing with similar situations in the future.
Tourism impacts can be generally classified into seven categories with each having both positive and negative impacts. These impacts include; economic, environmental, social and cultural, crowding and congestion, taxes, and community attitude. It is essential for a balance on array of impacts that may either positively or negatively affect the resident communities. Different groups are concerned about different tourism impacts that affect them in one way or another. Tourism’s benefits can be increased by use of specific plans and actions. These can also lead to decrease in the gravity of negative impacts. Communities will not experience every impact but instead this will depend on particular natural resources, development, or spatial patterns (Glen 1999).
Nowadays in the rea of globalization, according to the World Tourism Organization, “seven hundred million people travelled abroad in 2003”, and the number is estimated to increase to 1.6 billion by 2020. (International Labour Organization, 2005). Tourism is spreading in unusual places. A lot of people want to be in the midst of adventure. It is a vital source of revenues for the GDP of many countries. I partially agree that tourism hugely benefits the local community. This essay will discuss some of the economic, social and environment effect of tourism on the host community.
"A disaster is any natural or human-made incident that causes disruption, destruction, or devastation requiring external assistance" (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014, p. 248). Disasters can range from a house fire that affects one family to a bioterrorism act that involves thousands of people. Natural disasters have increased in the United States due to urbanization and overcrowding of cities."Projections suggest that by 2050, at least 46% of the world 's population will leave in areas vulnerable to natural floods, earthquakes, and severe storms" (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014, p. 249). Some examples of natural disasters are tornados, hurricanes, and blizzards. Additionally, human-made disasters have increased from the stressors of being overcrowded.
In general, the political situation of a country is recognized as an important factor that influences tourism development. A stable political condition is a significant requirement that enables a tourist to visit and travel within the destination country (Hall & O’Sullivan, 1996). When the political situation is instable, tourists will perceive negative image that directly effects the tourism industry. As Neumayer (2004) said tourists are sensitive to the negative image of a tourist destination, events of violence can affect tourist destination long after the event has passed and stabilized. Cook (1990) noted political instability is a condition of a country where a government has been toppled, or is controlled by factions following a coup, or where basic functional pre-requisites for social order control and maintenance are unstable and periodically disputed. Hall and O’Sullivan (1996) said perception of political stability and safety are prerequisites for a touristic in nature vacation. They also listed violence protest, social unrest, civil war, terrorist actions and the perceived violations of human rights can be a cause to make tourists alter their travel behavior. The tourist behavior has a significant effect from the potential risk and also has an impact on the decision making process. Tourism is vulnerable to the sinister power of political instability (Seddighi et al. 2001). Tourists are only willing to travel to foreign places in mass numbers if their journey and their stay are confirmed safe and shielded from events that threaten a joyous holiday experience. Faced with violent events in a coutry, potential tourists might fear for their lives or physical integrity, might simply anticipate becoming involved in stressful s...
Natural Disasters can occur anywhere at anytime. Some are more predictable than others, but they all bring hardship to everyone’s life. Examples of natural disasters are Earthquakes (Haiti 2010), Tornadoes, Tsunami, Hurricanes, Wild Fires, Winter Storms, Heat waves, Mudslides and Floods. Regardless of what kind of disaster occurs, bottom line, everyone needs to be prepared mentally and physically to deal with the aftermath. Education is the first step to prepare you to deal with any major disaster. Three of the major disasters that can potentially disrupt normal day to day operations in our lives, are Hurricanes, Tsunamis and Tornadoes.
Tourism is an important and intricate element to society. It affects economical, social, cultural and environmental elements. Tourism can be argued to have a negative impact on the environment and decrease our already depleting resources, but tourism can also be argued to be a major contributor to strengthening economies, spread cultural traditions and improve people’s lives. Tourism
Disaster tourism: traveling to a disaster scene not primarily for helping, but because it is interesting to see. It can be a problem if it hinders rescue, relief and repair work.