.Castor (Ricinus communis L.), belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, is the most important non-edible oilseed crop of arid and semi-arid regions of India. Castor oil finds its application in the manufacture of wide range of ever expanding industrial products such as nylon fibers, jet engine lubricants, hydralutic fluids, dyes, detergents, soaps, ointments, greases, paints, varnishes, cosmetics, perfumes etc (Dange 2003). Castor finds a place of prestige in the cropping systems of dry-land agriculture, because of its deep root system, drought hardiness, and quick growth. The major castor growing states in India are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajastan and Tamil Nadu. India accounts …show more content…
Intensive cultivation of castor without proper crop rotation led to heavy incidence of pests and diseases. More than 60 species of insect pests and 150 pathogens have been reported to cause damage to castor (Rai 1976). Pathogens affecting castor include fungi, bacteria and nematodes which cause diseases at different crop growth stages (Raoof and Nageswar Rao 1999). Among insect pests that affect castor, red hairy caterpillar, castor semilooper, shoot and capsule borer, tobacco caterpillar, jassids, whitefly, red spider mite and thrips cause significant economic loss. Among diseases, seedling blight, Alternaria blight, Cercospora leaf spot, rust, Fusarium wilt, root rot, grey rot, bacterial leaf blight and nematodes cause significant yield losses. Pests and diseases together account for 30-40% loss in production of castor (Pathak 2009). Drought in the rainfed environment and soil salinity are the other limiting factors in castor production. Concerted efforts are required to tackle these problems for enhancing productivity so as to remain competitive in the world …show more content…
In India Nanda and Prasad (1974) reported castor wilt disease from Udaipur and Sirohi districts of Rajasthan and Palampur district of Gujarat. They established the causal organism as F. o. ricini. Currently the disease is prevalent in Russia, India, Brazil, Taiwan and Nepal (Dange 2003). It is reported to be serious in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan states in India (AICORPO 2001). Pushpavati et al. (1997) reported that, yield loss depends on the stage at which wilt affects the crop, 77% at flowering stage, 63% at 90 days and 39% at later stages on secondary branches. Monocropping followed due to its high economic return resulted in the endemic development of wilt and this became the limiting factor for castor cultivation in
Wildman received financing in order to assume majority of control/have a major stake in Anacott Steel by purchasing and possessing majority shareholding in the company.
Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the Atlantic. Some of the New World crops that hav...
Grafting as a means of managing disease and increasing yield has only recently begun to take off in much of the western world. In Asia, however, grafting has been an important agronomic technology since the 1920’s. (Kubota) Farmers in Asia first started grafting cucurbit species and then started grafting solanaceous plants such as eggplant and tomato. Producers in Japan and Korea readil...
The spinosad insecticide is very active and effective in controlling insects and pests. It acts on both contact and ingestion by an insect. The insecticide is subjective to the stages of life of an insect such as larvae or adult stages and the insect species. The insecticide mode of action is through the neural mechanism. It affects the neural transmissions and processes of an insect. Spinosad is applied to field crops during the entire growth process as specified. It is applied to crops such as flowers, vegetables, fruit trees and also cereals. Some flower farmers spray their crops before harvest to rid them off harmful insects (Kole, 1995). Farmers use spinosad insecticide to kill harmful insects that destroy their crops and spread diseases lowering the yield. It is also used to control storage pests that destroy cereals stored in bins. Quality food produce is another reason for the applying the insecticide.
"Unstoppable plant diseases" do not threaten our world. Crop pestilences are nothing new and have existed all-throughout the thousands of years that humans have grown their own food. In fact, ancient agrarians had it even harder than we do today because they were completely reliant upon rainfall, as they did not have advanced irrigation systems.
... and feed grains (Nyong, 2008). Higher temperatures can the physiological development of crops such as causing increased respirations, shorter periods of seed formation and reduced biomass production which all result in hastened maturation and reduced crop yields (Adejuwon, 2004). Global warming and drought have affected the change in the incidence and distribution of pests and pathogens which presents challenges for crop management and animal rearing. Moisture and temperature are important elements of climate which determine the occurrence and localization of pests and diseases (Adejuwon, 2004). This is because pests and diseases vectors thrive well in optimum conditions of high temperature and abundant water supply. In this way climate change and global warming has extended the range of distribution of some pests and diseases worsening the plight of farmers.
The Queensland fruit fly is significant pest for many states and attacks a wide range of plants which decreases the production and making fruits inedible. This has large consequences for the local and international fruit and vegetable trade. The most common way that the Queensland fruit fly spread to new areas is by being carried interstate by infested fruit and vegetables. This fruit fly has a large potential to infest a large range of crops, garden plants, native plants and weeds. The female Queensland fruit fly is the main pest as it lays eggs inside of many fruits. The larvae then hatch of the fruit and eat the inside of the fruit which in turn destroys the fruit and deems it inedible. The larvae then shelter themselves in soil until they are fully formed flies. They then repeat the cycle and breed into fruits.
In this exercise, Penicillium was utilized, a common, safe, mold. Certain species of Penicillium will spoil fruits, vegetables, grains, and grasses. Other species will ripen various chesses. Still, other species are used in the production of antibiotics. The species of Penicillium, italicum is provided for the lab because of its pronounced hyphae. Penicillium italicum, along with Penicillium digitatum attack citrus fruits post-harvest. In this experiment, the effect of Penicillium italicum on two types of citrus fruits and one non-citrus fruits were tested.
Climate change has negatively impacted the production of coffee beans in Central America. Coffee tree’s are accustomed to a temperature between 59-75 fahrenheit in order to produce coffee beans. The slightest change in temperature such as half a degree can negatively affect the crop. Extreme droughts and intense rainfall have been occurring due to climate change. This has created a decrease in production by at least 30% in all Central America producing coffee countries. The rise in temperature has also allowed coffee tree diseases such as roya which is a leaf rust fungus to break out. Roya infects the leaves on the coffee tree’s causing them to fall off. The less amount of leaves on the tree’s the less amount of energy the tree is receiving,
Kole, Chittaranjan., Joshi, Chandrashekhar., Shonnard, David R. (2011). Handbook of Bioenergy Crop Plants. Global Food Security, 345(1-847). doi: 246.EJ.4568Eg.46.
Market Line. India Country Profile: Pest Analysis. Data Monitor. 2012. The.
As time has progressed, there has always been an overarching need for high amounts of crop production throughout the world. With the rapid rate of population growth, the need for crops and other sources of nutrients is only increasing. In order to meet these high demands and increase yields, farmers and other agriculturalists have started implementing the use of pesticides. These chemical mixtures are being used in order to prevent, destroy, repel or mitigate any pests from destroying growing crops. However, using pesticides on crops can create massive amounts of pollution, negatively affect an individual’s health, and can spark biodiversity loss within an ecosystem. According to Michael C.R. Alavanja, “Over 1 billion pounds of pesticides are used within the United States (US) each year and approximately 5.6 billion pounds are used worldwide”. With all this in mind, it is clear that pesticides should not be made available to farmers and agriculturalists, and should
The production costs could be brought down and the quality, taste, appearance of a product could be maximized. It has been estimated that the food production output should be increased by 70-80 percent in the coming 30 years to match the ever increasing food demand. To the third world countries these genetically modified crops would be very beneficial. The plants could be injected with the insect repelling genes. Crops grown this way will never run out of stock and as per the different geographical needs they can be manipulated. This would enhance the plants resistance capability towards herbicides, chemicals, drought, salinity and diseases. The main aim is to increase the plants growth, productivity, nutritive value and to avoid leeching of soil. That would mean growing food that wouldn’t spoil fast, accessible to all as the cost is low and using no pesticides as the plants grown are genetically
The "cardboard" tomato problem illustrates a larger problem in agriculture - crop spoilage associated with the predations of insects and fungi and with shipping. We saw that picking fruits such as tomatoes while they are green and chemically ripening them is a solution to some of the spoilage problem in crops, while using other chemicals can prevent some damage by pests. However, these chemicals often create environmental hazards in areas where they are used, and pests can often develop resistance to chemicals used to destroy them, making the release of even more pesticides and fungicides int...
The new chemicals which are produced to kill these strong pests and weeds may be more harmful to other plants and remove nutrients within the soil, in turn reducing the yield of agricultural crops. The benefits of these characteristics are seen in Argentina according to Pelletier (2010) as they use glyphosphate resistant soybean which allowed the comeback of this crop, as the soil was severely damaged from monoculture (The cultivation of a single crop in a defined area).... ... middle of paper ... ...