Case Study Of Torricelli's Law

One of the most fascinating physical phenomena I had observed in real life, but came to understand only recently, is that of Torricelli’s law. I became interested in this topic when I used a water tank’s faucet. It appeared to me that when the tank was filled with water, the flow of water through the faucet was quick. But after a while, the rate of flow of water through the faucet had reduced significantly. A while later, I observed that while draining a bathtub, the water drains quickly at first, and then slower as the water level falls. I knew that perhaps the tank-faucet and the bathtub were related phenomena, but assumed that it had something to do with the pressure on the water.

Owing to my interest in this phenomena, I researched about

Evangeliste Torricelli was an Italian scientist who worked under Galileo Galilei and made contributions to fluid mechanics as well as various parts of mathematics. His work on the relation between water flow and height was shown to be a case of Bernoulli’s principle.

While working with Galilei, he became fascinated with fluids and sought to describe their movements and patterns using mathematics. Inspired by the early works of Bernoulli, he managed to derive Torricelli’s law.

Later on, it was proven that his law was actually a particular case of Bernoulli’s

It is difficult to accurately measure this, and so I will see the amount of water that is collected in the beaker in a fixed amount of time (5 seconds). Hence the dependent variable is the volume collected in the beaker in 5 seconds. The unit of measurement would be milliliters per second (mL/s)

Controlled Variables:

The first control for this experiment would be the height of water surface. If the water was simply allowed to drain into the beaker, then I would not be able to see the effect of height on the water level since the height would keep changing. Hence I must keep the water height constant for the time period to measure the flow rate. To do this I will add water to the cylinder while it drains, hence keeping height constant and finding the flow rate for that height.

One of the main controls for the experiment is the size of the hole through which water will flow. It must remain constant for all the experiments so that it’s varying size does not distort the values which are