Cardiovascular diseases are an important focus of research advances and prevention efforts leading to a more than 75% decline in cardiovascular death rate in Canada since 1952 (Statistics Canada, 2011c). Someone dies from heart disease or stroke every 7 minutes in Canada (Statistics Canada, 2011c). Heart disease and stroke are two of the three leading causes of death which caused 29% of all deaths in Canada in 2008. Mortality is 54% due to ischemic heart disease, 20% due to stroke and 23% due to heart attack. 90% Canadians have at least one risk factor for heart disease or stroke (smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, diabetes, stress) (PHAC, 2009).
Health Impacts of Cardiovascular Diseases Statistics
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Heart attack ≈ 70,000 / year in Canada. Mortality: 16,000 Canadians/ year (Statistics Canada, 2012c).
Hospitalizations ≈ 2.8 million in 2009-2010 (Canadian Institutes for Health Information [CIHI], 2011).
Heart failure ≈ 500,000 Canadians living with heart failure, 50,000 new patients are diagnosed / year (Ross et al, 2006).
Cardiac arrest Incidence: 40,000/year in Canada.
Atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation patients have 3 - 5 times higher risk for ischemic stroke (European Heart Rhythm Association et al, 2010).
Neuronal loss The brain loses as many neurons as it does in almost 3.6 years of normal aging each hour in which treatment is delayed (Saver, 2006).
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) Incidence: 15,000 people / year in Canada experience a TIA. (Field, et. al, 2004).
Cardiac Transplant 135 people on the waiting list for a heart transplant on December 31, 2010 (CIHI,
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According to the Ottawa Charter (WHO 1986) five important strategies can be used to promote health for the community. These consist of strengthening individuals and communities, improving access and facilities to services, and encouraging a healthy public policy (Naidoo, 2013 pp. 30). HPP has a positive impact by reducing inequalities in health. According to McPherson (2001) 30% of coronary heart disease and 25% of all cancers are preventable through appropriate public health action. This decline will lead to economic and health benefits when achieved. HPP is popular because it causes dramatic modifications in behavior and attitudes focusing on preventing atherosclerosis and high blood pressure. It aims to work with regional and global partners for developing prevention policies for cardiovascular health. These targets can be achieved by improving accessibility, use and quality of healthcare facilities. The disadvantage of HPP is that it is certainly affected by politics, values and ideologies, all of which are constantly shifting. The ability to understand and engage effectively in the policy process should be part of every practitioner's professional skills base. HPP removes responsibilities from individuals and makes agencies and practitioners responsible. There is also an issue of the interest of political parties (Naidoo, 2013 pp.
Patients can be listed for a heart transplant; however, lack of appropriate donors is a huge issue. In the U.S. we have a serious shortage of good heart donors. In 2010 there were greater than 4,000 patients on the heart transplant list, and only 1,900 were transplanted. The wait for a heart transplant is becoming longer and longer with the average wait time ranging from two to six years. Without newer and approved therapies for advanced heart failure, people will die while waiting on UNOS (United Network of Organ Sharing) lists.
Heart disease is one of the most common causes of the mortality and morbidity in most well developed countries. They come in different forms such as stroke and other cardiovascular diseases and it’s the number one cause of death in the state of America. In the year 2011 alone nearly 787,000 people were killed as a result of this epidemic. And this included Hispanic, Africans, whites and Americans. As for the Asian Americans or pacific Islanders, American Indians and the natives of Alaska, the concept to them was a second only to cancer. However, statistics has proved that a person gets heart attack every 34 seconds and in every 60 seconds, someone dies out of it which include other related event. Additionally, majority of the women are the
...nts of Health and the Prevention of Health Inequities. Retrieved 2014, from Australian Medical Association: https://ama.com.au/position-statement/social-determinants-health-and-prevention-health-inequities-2007
‘Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation’ is a white paper which was initiated in 1999. The Department of Health (DOH) ordered strategies aimed at reducing ill-health with specific attention to cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke, accidents, and mental health. £21billion over 10years was given to the NHS to ensure a target of 20% reduction in deaths associated with these conditions.
Heart failure is a major clinical, social and economic problem in the United Kingdom according to the Department of Health [DH] (2013).The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence [NICE] (2010) reported that about 900,000 people suffer from heart failure in the United Kingdom. The National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research [NICOR] (2011) conducted a national audit which found that one in every 20 people over the age of 65 is diagnosed with heart failure which demonstrates that it mainly affects the elderly. As a leading cause of mortality, heart failure contributes to more than 6,000 deaths each year (NICOR, 2011). Newly diagnosed cases of heart failure have a 40% risk of dying within a year (NICOR, 2011). Despite advances in therapy, mortality is still high and only half of patients are alive five years after being diagnosed with heart failure (NICE, 2010).
Since 1960 the age-adjusted mortality rates for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has declined steadily in the U.S. due to multiple factors, but still remains one of the primary causes of morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Greater control of risk factors and improved treatments for cardiovascular disease has significantly contributed to this decline (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). In the U.S. alone it claims approximately 830,000 each year and accounts for 1/6 of all deaths under the age of 65 (Weiss and Lonnquist, 2011). Based on the 2007 mortality rate data an average of 1 death every 37 seconds is due to cardiovascular disease (Lloyd-Jones et al., 2009). Controlling and reducing risk factors is crucial for saving lives. There are a number of contributing risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which may appear in the form of hereditary, behavioral, and psychological, all of which ultimately converge in social or cultural factors.
Notably, there are 6.4 million or 2.7% of adults who had a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA, Stroke) (Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke, 2015). In fact, there are 15 million individuals who endure a stroke worldwide, while 5 million die and 5 million become permanently disabled (Stroke Statistics, 2015). Also, each year about 795,000 people suffer a stroke, while 600,000 are first attacks, 185,0000 individuals have recurrent attacks (Stroke Statistics, 2015). As a matter of fact, someone on average in the United States have a stroke every 40 seconds, which can occur at any age, as about ¼ of strokes happen less than 55 years old. Besides, ¾ of people beyond 65 years old have a stroke, while doubling each decade between
The Ottawa charter are five areas of health promotion that can be applied to achieve positive health outcomes. The charter recognises the need for developing personal skills, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, reorientating health services, and building healthy public policy. These areas are interdependent and contribute towards good health for all individuals and the broader community.
“Healthy People provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans.” ( United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Healthy People 2020 , 2011). It acts as a national guide for disease prevention and health promotion. There are various objectives and goals which serve as the guideline to achieve overall improvement in health . ‘Educational and Community-Based Programs’ is one of them. According to U.S Department of Health and Human Services the main goal of these programs is to “Increase the quality, availability, and effectiveness of educational and community-based programs designed to prevent disease and injury, improve health, and enhance quality of life.” (HHS, Healthy People 2020, 2011). This particular goal of Healthy People 2020 focuses on increasing the number educational and community based programs to increase awareness about disease prevention and health among every individual of the society. It focuses on educating them on various topics including chronic diseases, substance abuse, prevention of injury and violence to encourage and enhance health. It emphasizes on increasing the quantity and quality of such programs so that a larger population could benefit from the program and gain effective knowledge to achieve a healthy life.
As of April 2015 there were 123,193 patients waiting for an organ transplant. Over 100,000 of the patients that are on that
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. Every year about 610,000 Americans die of heart disease – that’s 1 in every 4 deaths, with a slightly higher incidence in non-hispanic black population. Heart attack happens to about 735,000 Americans; 525,000 of these are a first heart attack and 210,000 happen in people who have already had a heart attack (CDC, page last updated August 10, 2015).
The most serious cardiovascular epidemic that affect about more than three million people in US (Chapa, Thomas, Friesmann, & Akintade 2015) is Atrial fibrillation (AF). Few risk factors which enhance the prevalence rate of AF are, diabetes, male gender,
One of the leading causes of death in the United States is heart disease. “Approximately every 29 seconds one American will have a heart attack, and once a minute one American will die from a heart attack” (Ford-Martin and Odle, 915). According to the Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine men over the age of 45 and women over the age of 55 are considered at risk for heart disease. Heart disease is a major cause of death. It is beneficial to individuals who seek to prevent heart disease to recognize the risks leading to heart attacks as they are one of the primary indications of developing heart disease; especially those that fall into the at risk age groups. These risks consist of some that cannot be changed such as heredity risks, or those that can change such as smoking habits. It is very important to know these specific risks for prevention and to understand the symptoms of heart attacks, such as sweating or the feeling of weakness so if these or other symptoms occur people are aware. Finally heart disease treatment is of vital importance if you experience a heart attack so you can learn how to prevent another one from occurring.
Healthy People 2020 is a program for the promotion of health and the prevention of diseases, launched by the Department of Health and Human Services in December 2010. According to healthypeople.gov, this program has four overarching goals which are first to achieve healthy, longer lives free of preventable diseases, injuries, and premature deaths; to achieve health fairness, eliminate differences, and improve all groups’ health; also to produce social and physical environments that encourage good health; and last but not least to promote life’s quality, healthy development, and healthy behaviors through all life stages. This program has a vision of a community where people live long, healthy lives. Healthy People 2020 offers a comprehensive set of 10 years of nationwide goals and objectives that is meant to improve the health of the American population. Healthy People 2020 covers 42 topic areas with approximately 600 objectives, which include 1,200 measures. A smaller set of Healthy People 2020 objectives, has been designated to communicate high-priority health issues and actions that can be taken to address them, this objectives are called Leading Health Indicators. The program goes above and beyond these health indicators in order to provide the best care for the people of this country. These indictors cover from the access of health service, nutrition, physical activity, and obesity to substance abuse, environmental quality, injury and violence.
The five principles of HP include building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services (McMurray & Clendon 2015). The first principle aims to incorporate health into all public policy decisions beyond the health system so that living and working conditions become conducive to health and equity (Germov, Freij & Richmond 2015). According to McMurray & Clendon (2015), multi-sectoral collaboration is required among different sectors, such as education, industry and social welfare, with the reciprocally influential policies that guide the community health. The second principle emphasises the socio-ecological approach to health that promotes sustainable environment and broader social support systems that encourage a safe and satisfying life (Germov, Freij & Richmond 2015; McMurray & Clendon 2015). This principle requires to acknowledge the significance of conserving the physical or social resources that allow people to maintain health (McMurray & Clendon 2015). The third principle focuses on information and learning opportunities that enable communities to make knowledgeable choices for better health (McMurray & Clendon