INTRODUCTION
A carbon nanotube (CNT) is a tube shaped material having diameter in the nanometre range. As a group, carbon nanotubes typically have diameters ranging from less than 1 nm to 50 nm. Their lengths are typically of several microns. Recent advancements have made the nanotubes much longer (up to few centimetres).
Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon having a cylindrical nanostructure. They are said to be the member of ‘fullerene structural family’. Nanotubes having an aspect ratio upto 132,000,000: 1 are being constructed.
CNTs are widely used in the field of nanotechnology, electronics, optics and various fields of materials science and technology due to their unusual properties.
Carbon nanotubes were discovered in 1991
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CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION (CVD):-
During CVD, a substrate covered with metal catalysts, like Ni, Co, Fe or their combination is heated to approximately 700°C. The growth starts after two gases are passed through the chamber i.e. a carrier gas and a hydrocarbon gas. The production yield is almost 90% hence it is used in industrial applications.
CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUBES
1. Bulk carbon nanotubes are being used as composite fibres in polymers to improve thermal, mechanical electrical and thermal properties of the bulk product.
2. Nanotubes are used as tips in the atomic force microscope probes.
3. Carbon nanotubes act as scaffolding for bone growth in tissue engineering.
4. Carbon nanotube based air and water filtration devices have been commercialised and they are reported to kill bacteria.
5. Carbon Nanotube based flat panel displays are being developed by various companies.
6. Stain resistant textiles, tennis rackets and baseball bats are developed using carbon nanotubes.
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUBES
1. Single walled carbon nanotubes can be used to help protect DNA molecules from damage by oxidation.
2. Carbon nanotubes can be used to create stab and bullet – proof clothing as they have high tensile
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Paper thin sheet of cellulose, infused with aligned carbon nanotubes, can be engineered to be used as a paper battery.
6. Single walled carbon nanotubes can be used in solar panels due to their strong absorption characteristics.
7. Nanotubes can be used to store hydrogen, enabling them to be used as fuel source.
8. Nanotubes can be implemented in super capacitors to increase the charge storing capacity.
9. Multi walled carbon nanotubes have high radar absorption capacity, thus, can be used in aircrafts to lessen its radar cross-section.
10. Carbon nanotube coated fibres can be used for preparing multi-functioning fabric which is anti – bacterial, flame retardant having electromagnetic absorbance properties.
11. Nanotubes can also be used to produce sound thermo acoustically.
12. Due to the large hydrophobic surface area, nanotubes have strong adsorption affinity to a large number of aromatic and aliphatic contaminants and hence they can be used in water treatment process.
13. Carbon nanotubes can be implemented in mechanical memory elements and nanoscale electric models.
14. A radio receiver consisting of a single nanotube can be used as a Nano radio.
Rahman, Anatol. "New Material Can Make Ultra-light And Better Bulletproof Armor." The Tech Journal RSS. 13 Nov. 2012. Web. 10 May 2014.
...ecules in water using electricity and can be captured when it is being leaked by swampy areas. As you can see, hydrogen has many significant uses.
The Crystallinity of Kevlar Polymer strands, contributes to the unique strength and stiffness of the material. Kevlar is very similar to other common synthetic polymers, including Nylon, Teflon and Lycra. In all Polated to strength. Aromatic refers to the Carbon atoms attached in a ring, and Amides refers to a group of Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrogen atoms. Kevlar fiber is therefore a “Polyaromatic amide”, as it has a high breaking strength.
Carbon Nanotubes could make t-shirts bulletproof. Retrieved March 11, 2014, from Nano Werk: http://nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotids1054.php. Fecht, S. (n.d.). Lighter, stronger bulletproof clothing. Retrieved April 8, 2014, from Popular Mechanics: http://popularmechanics.com/science/health/med-tech/6spidersilksuperpowers.htm.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key global warming gas that is proposed to have direct linkage to global climate changes [1, 2]. Therefore, there is a growing interest in developing technologies for efficient capture and sequestration of large quantities of CO2. An efficient and economical capture material is needed to capture and separate the CO2 produced during various industrial processes. There are four potential sources of carbon dioxide emission; industrial processes, fossil fueled power plants, de-carbonization (production of hydrogen from carbon rich feed stock), and transportation [3]. Among the carbon dioxide emission sources, fossil fueled power plants are ranked the number one potential source. Fossil fuels provide 81 percent of the world’s commercial energy supply [4]. Consumption of fossil fuels produces nearly 30 Pg (petagram) of carbon dioxide annually. About three-fourths of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide is attributed to burning of fossil fuels [5].
Different chemistries and production methods of these fibers give them certain advantages. as viscose’s ability to combine with other fibers to create new fabrics easily) and disadvantages. such as nylon’s quickly weakening fibers or natural silk’s difficulty of production. other that make them more or less suitable for certain purposes. For this reason, when? considering silk and artificial silk, it is illogical to pick one fiber that is superior to the others.
early 1990’s, no such material was known. In 1991, carbon nanotubes were discovered. Although not
22. Rao, C. emsp14N emsp14R, et al. "Graphene: The New Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterial." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48.42 (2009): 7752-7777.
Carbon fibers were discovered in the late 1800s by Thomas Edison. The early lightbulbs Edison created used the carbon fibers as filaments. These carbon fibers used to create the early lightbulbs had a substantial tolerance to heat, but they lacked the tensile strength of modern carbon fibers. Edison used cellulose-based materials, such as cotton or bamboo, to make his carbon fibers. He used a method called “pyrolysis” to cook the bamboo at high temperatures in a controlled atmosphere to carbonize bamboo filaments, making them fire-resistant and capable of enduring intense heat needed for luminescence.
Minear, R., Amy, G.. Water Disinfection and Natural Organic Matter: History and Overview. ACS Symposium Series. 1996, 649, 1-9.
The main purpose of green nanotechnology has been to develop clean technologies that would minimize potential human and environmental health risk. Also, to encourage replacement of existing products with the clean technologies that is more environmentally friendly. There are many benefits of using green nanotechnologies as the new solution for energy in both their current availability and their current development. Over the new few decades, the highest growth opportunities will come from application of nanomaterials for making better use of existing resources. Nanotechnologies will help reduce weight of carbon emission in transportation utilizing nanocomposite materials that quickly diffuses across the automotive and aerospace industries. Applications of nanotechnologies will result in a global annual savings of 8000 tons of carbon dioxide, which will rise even further to over millions tons by 2020. But, let’s focus on the positive effects of Green Nanotechnology in Solar.
Cellulose is an abundant polysaccharide consisting of a β-1, 4 linkage of D-glucose [1,3]. There is an array of applications for cellulose, including, but not limited to: biofuels, reinforcement agents, thickeners, dietary fiber, and even wound care. As of late, cellulose, as a waste product, has been in high demand as a reinforcement agent in synthetic, petroleum-based polymer matrices (petroleum based plastics) [3]. Cellulose I has good flexibility, it is abundant in nature and also biodegradable. Because of its fiber- like structure, it has been compared to carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) [3].
In 2010 two Russian-born scientists pioneered and synthesized a form of “wonder material” that generates heat and electricity at faster speeds, copes with high temperatures, and is almost transparent. Graphene is arranged in a flat hexagon lattice (like microscopic chicken wire) and is one atom thick two-dimensional 〖sp〗^2 bonded carbon. It is the world’s thinnest and strongest material, which can be manufactured into a plethora of provisions that can be used for next generation technology, such as planes, satellites, cars, and computers. However, uses of the material can be expensive and difficult to manufacture for mass production, which is why many of us today do not have access to graphene or use it for various applications in technology in day-to-day life. Graphene is a newly developing material, which is under scrutiny and scientific study in order to integrate it simply and effectively into everyday life.
Nanotechnology is science, technology and engineering that is conducted at the nanoscale. The nanoscale is about 1 to 100 nanometres.
There has been much excitement about the latest science news in which a remote controlled airplane was flown using seawater fuel. The U.S. Navy created the fuel by taking carbon dioxide and hydrogen from seawater and combing them to create an organic compound called a hydrocarbon, which can be used for energy. I believe this is a really an amazing discovery since the earth has a lot of seawater to use as fuel. The oil, gas and coal we currently use as fuel will not last forever. The possible use of seawater as future source of fuel is just one of many applications of organic compounds, compounds which contain carbon molecules. Carbon is a unique element because it has the ability to form many compounds with itself and with other nonmetal elements like oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorous. Carbon has four electrons on its outer shell, which leaves four electrons available to create covalent bonds with other carbon molecules and other various elements. Carbon’s unique properties include forming single, double and triple bonds which can combine with other atoms, forming chains which can combine with other elements and forming isomers, which are molecules that have similar composition as the original molecule but a different arrangement of its atoms. Organic compounds, which have been found naturally or have been made synthetically by chemists, make our life much easier. Some of the many applications of organic chemistry are in medicine, energy sources and industry.