Carbon Compounds
23.1 What is carbon Compounds?
carbon compounds are far more numerous and varied than compounds formed from other elements
there are millions of different carbon compounds
most are combinations with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, and the hologens
some general and physical properties of carbon atoms are :
non electrolytes, or very weak electrolytes
low melting points
compounds made solely from carbon and hydrogen are generally non-polar and insoluble in water
23.2 Where do Carbon Compounds come from?
Coal
composed chiefly of carbon of carbon atoms, incorporated appreciable amounts of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur compounds into it’s structure
Destructive distillation
in which coal is heated in the absence of air, liberated many carbon compounds
Coal tar was separated into 200 different carbon compounds
In order to maintain living conditions, organisms must synthesize numerous carbon-based molecules such as protein, fats, sugars, cellulose, etc.
Since all the sources of carbon compounds came from living organisms, chemistry of carbon was called organic chemistry.
23.3 So many organic compounds
Why So Many?
The bonding Behavior of Carbon:
For electrons available for bonding, electrons can be shared in four covalent bonds
Carbon atoms can be linked together to form chains of various lengths
Different arrangements of the same atoms result in different substances, each with unique chemical and physical identities
23.4 Sorting Out Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons:
Carbon compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
Or...
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...in carboxly functional group COOHm which makes the molecules ploar
Weak acids due to the dissociation of the hydrogen atom from the carboxyl group
Named by the replacing “e” ending of the parent alkane with “oic” acid
Eg. Ethanoic(acetic) acid vinegar
Esters
Produced from a reaction between organic acids and alcohols
Esterifications reversible dehydration reaction in which alcohol loses a hydrogen atom and the acid loses the “OH” part of it’s carboxyl group
water is a by-product
posess distinctive aromas and flavors
Amines
organic compounds closely related to ammonia
amides produced when an amino or ammonia is treated with an organic acid
important group of biological compounds
contain a carbonyl group bonded to the nitrogen atom of an amino
Carbon is one of the 115 chemical elements discovered on Earth which is part of the nonmetals group with other elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Carbon as an element has good stability, it is very light, very stable, and has many types of forms such as graphite, and coal. Carbon fiber is just another form of carbon, basically has filaments between five to ten micrometers in diameter of pure carbon or at least 90% of carbon. Thousand carbon fibers are twisted together to form a long chain, which can then be used in a variety of raw forms, including yarns, weaves, and braids, which are in turn mixed with synthetic resins to create the carbon fiber as a composite material. Based on different characteristics carbon fibers can be divided into three principals groups: according to carbon fiber tensile modulus, according to precursor fiber materials, and according to final heat
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Stated by The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. It is said that “Charcoal is a substance obtained by partial burning or carbonization (destructive distillation) of organic material, a charcoal is largely pure carbon.” In addition, The Columbia Encyclopedia said that the entry of air during the carbonization process is controlled so that the organic material does not turn to ash, as in a conventional fire, but decomposes to form charcoal.
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The purpose of this lab was to analyse how light and color is created inside an atom in order to deduce what an unknown chemical compound was. We did two different experiments in order to examine how light is created and changed. In one, we looked at how chemical compounds affected a flame’s color, and to determine what the unknown salt contains. In the other lab, we looked at how atoms create light, and how it is displayed on the elements individual spectral line.
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Low pH – acidic, more H+ the positively charged H atoms will counteract the negatively charged carboxylic acid heads creating a more neutral environment
Chemistry is a branch of natural science that deals principally with the properties of substances, the changes they undergo, and the natural laws that describe these changes. (University of Idaho, 2014) Molecules, as small as they seem, is in the food that we eat and present in our daily lives. Today, scientists would likely know about the history of chemistry but not how chemistry has impacted history. Many would not wonder if these molecules go beyond the chemistry concepts that they have learned. For example, would the world have been different if piperine (molecule) present in pepper had not led to the discovery of the United States? The interesting fact is that molecules have and will continue to shape the world today. In this book, the authors explain in detail how 17 specific molecules had a significant impact on the history of the world. On a whole, this book is very intriguing and very suitable for chemistry lovers as well as the general public.
This site is basically just a lecture that explains the structure and naming of aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds in a basic manner. The site has some information on organic chemistry, which are synthetic carbon chemicals which are grouped with the natural ones. The site also has information about which organic compounds are used in our everyday life.
A) In 1884, the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius theorized compounds would be classified into two different substances. These two substances are acids and bases. The Arrhenius Theory of acids and bases states that acids are substances that dissociate to form charged atoms known as ions. Bases ionize to produce hydroxide ions while acids produce hydrogen ions. HCl is an example of an Arrhenius acid because it dissociate into an H+ ion. The reaction involving NaOH is an example of an Arrhenius base because it is increasing the concentration of (OH-) ions.
Carbon is the most important element of life because it is the backbone of all macromolecules. The four biomolecules that are based on carbon are proteins, it’s monomer being Amino Acids, they are used for the control of the speed of chemical reactions in the body and they are also used by cells to save DNA in chromosomes; Carbohydrate...
Carbon is one of the basic elements of matter (Bush 1230-1231). The name carbon comes from the Latin word "carbo" meaning charcoal.Carbon is the sixth most abundant element (Gangson). More than 1,000,000 compounds are made from carbon(Carbon (C)). "The Element Carbon is defined as a naturally abundant non-metallic element that occurs in many inorganic and in all organic compounds, exists freely as graphite and diamond and as a constituent of coal, limestone, and petroleum, and is capable of chemical self-bonding to form an enormous number of chemically, biologically, and commercially important molecules." Carbon is used in diamonds, petroleum oil, radiocarbon dating, smoke detectors, kerosine, gasoline, carbon fiber. (Alcin).
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