Canon of Scripture

explanatory Essay

1235 words

Introduction According to second Timothy all Scripture is the “inspired” Word of God. The text reads, “All scripture is inspired by God and is useful for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness” (2 Tim. 3:16 NRSV). The early church understood that Scripture was inspired by God, passed on from God to the Apostles and from the Apostles to the church. Because the doctrine came from God, the church trusted and believed that the doctrine was authoritative and therefore unchangeable. However, as Christianity grew other doctrines appeared that contradicted the teachings of the apostles. These doctrines attacked the core beliefs of the Christian faith. Because of these attacks, the church responded by establishing a list of inspired books which the Church regarded as organizing Holy Scripture. The list of books is called the canon of Scripture. Canon means rule or straight rod, it is a list of inspired writings that are considered the authoritative scripture of Christianity. The list also distinguishes the writings of the apostles from the writings of heretics. Christian Doctrine Challenged Christian doctrine is based on a belief in one God and Jesus the Son of God. Christians also believe that God created the universe and that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary. Additionally, Christians believe that Jesus became human to save humankind. According to John 1, verses 1 through 3 Jesus and God are one and everything that was created was created by Him. Scripture confirms that Jesus became flesh and lived among His people. The text reads, “The Word became flesh and lived among us, and we have seen his glory, the glory as of a father’s only son” (John 1:14 NRSV). Most importantly, Christi... ... middle of paper ... ...tament included the Muratorian canon which is the oldest list of New Testament writings. It was discovered by L. A. Muratori in an eighth century Ambrosiana library. The Muratorian list included the four Gospels, Acts, Paul’s letters, John 1, Two and Three, Jude and Apocalypse. Thomas C. Oden noted that: The New Testament went through a complex process to verify apostolic authorship. It was read in public worship, studied avidly, interpreted through preaching, and analyzed. After a long process of transcribing, reviewing, and certifying them as apostolic the New Testament documents were regarded as credible apostolic witness.” Accordingly, by the end of the second century the New Testament was regarded as Scripture equal to the Old Testament. Relationship between the “rule of faith” and the Scriptural canon The rule of faith and the Scriptural canon

In this essay, the author

Explains that the early church understood that scripture was inspired by god and passed on from god to the apostles. however, as christianity grew, other doctrines attacked the core beliefs of the christian faith.
Explains that god is the great supreme in form and reason, and in might and power. it must be that nothing is equal to him, since there is no other great supreme.
Explains that marcion disregarded hebrew scripture because of the jewish views and the fact that the scriptures were words of a lesser god.

Explains that the early church understood that scripture was inspired by god and passed on from god to the apostles. however, as christianity grew, other doctrines attacked the core beliefs of the christian faith.
Explains that god is the great supreme in form and reason, and in might and power. it must be that nothing is equal to him, since there is no other great supreme.
Explains that marcion disregarded hebrew scripture because of the jewish views and the fact that the scriptures were words of a lesser god.
Explains that scripture must be apostolic, support the rule of faith, and be widely used by churches.
Explains that the septuagint (old testament) was accepted as holy scripture because jesus and the apostles accepted it.
Explains that christian doctrine is based on a belief in one god and jesus the son of god.
Explains mcgrath's view that the new testament was regarded as scripture equal to the old testament.

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Mosaic Dietary Laws
narrative essay
Metzger, B. (1997). The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance. New York.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the winged insects that walk on all fours are detestable to you.
- Describes lobban, richard, jr., pigs and their prohibition, in international journal of middle east studies.
- Summarizes grimm's book, from feasting to fasting, the evolution of a sin: attributes to food in late antinquity.
- Opines that the winged insects that walk on all fours are detestable to you.
- Describes lobban, richard, jr., pigs and their prohibition, in international journal of middle east studies.
- Summarizes grimm's book, from feasting to fasting, the evolution of a sin: attributes to food in late antinquity.
- Cites kevin reilly's worlds of history: a comparative reader: to 1550.
- Cites mcauliffe, j., et al. (2003), reverence for the word: medieval scriptural exegesis in judaism, christianity, and islam.
- Describes ariel's book, what do jews believe?: the spiritual foundations of judaism.
- Describes lobban, richard, jr., pigs and their prohibition, international journal of middle east studies 25(1), 57.
- Explains that the mosaic dietary laws extended from earlier restrictions that had been placed on the eating habits of the human race.
- Analyzes the early restrictions placed on consumption prior to the initiation of mosaic dietary laws.
- Explains that moses is of the first five books of old testament, called the pentateuch, beginning with the work of genesis.
- Explains that moses is the mediator between god and the hebrews, as well as between all people.
- Analyzes how the new moon and its absence are reminders of the instability of their situation and the need to follow the word of god.
- Opines that moses is representative of all of us, in that we are all vessels of god and should live our lives by following the examples set forth by moses.
- Explains kretzmann's cambridge history of later medieval philosophy : from the rediscovery of aristotle to the disintegration of scholasticism.
- Describes wittmayer, salo, barnavi, eli, metzger, b.
- Explains ariel, david, barnavi, eli, and a historical atlas of the jewish people, from the patriarchs to the present.
- Describes grimm, v. and kretzmann, n. the cambridge history of later medieval philosophy, 1100-1600.
- Describes mcauliffe, j., and metzger, b.
4688 words
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Williams '' Tradition By William. Williams Tradition'
analytical essay
It was deemed that the books of the New Testament that are authentically apostolic in nature were included in the Bible. This strict appraisal process used by the church fathers to determine the legitimacy of certain books in the bible is the reason why scripture, once it becomes part of church canon it is incorruptible. Furthermore, because tradition stems from scriptural interpretation that it can be corruptible as it relies on the judgment of human beings, whose interpretations may be driven by internal
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how williams attempts to define tradition and assess whether it is normative, sustainable, or corruptible.
- Analyzes how williams views tradition as normative because it is used as the basis for theological direction and conclusions most likely stemming from scriptural interpretation.
- Analyzes how williams argues that tradition relies on scripture is subject to corruption. he attributes this privilege to scripture because of the scrutiny used when appraising scripture.
- Analyzes how williams attempts to define tradition and assess whether it is normative, sustainable, or corruptible.
- Analyzes how williams views tradition as normative because it is used as the basis for theological direction and conclusions most likely stemming from scriptural interpretation.
- Analyzes how williams argues that tradition relies on scripture is subject to corruption. he attributes this privilege to scripture because of the scrutiny used when appraising scripture.
- Analyzes how williams notes two distinct approaches to development: those claiming that it represents the process of making explicit what had always been implicit and those who claim it is the discovery of truths of which the church had not been fully conscious.
- Explains that modern-day theologians are tasked with looking at scripture and finding something that has not previously been found. priests are also responsible for interpreting the gospel every sunday in their homilies.
- Explains that tradition's inferiority to scripture rests in its vulnerability to corruption. the church fathers had to strictly appraise scripture during the development of the early church.
- Opines that the spirit's role can be taken as yet more positive and fundamental: not only to guard against false developments, but as the only means by which the message of the bible may be understood at all.
- Explains that in the 19th and 20th centuries there was debate about the inerrancy surrounding the content of the gospels.
974 words
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The Gospel According to John
analytical essay
Gundry, Robert H., Ph.D. A Survey of the New Testament. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1970.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that god sent john the baptist to identify jesus christ as the true light and savior. the holy spirit descended from heaven in the form of a dove and rested on jesus.
- Explains that jesus performs many miracles and still there are people who don't believe in him.
- Analyzes how the pharisees convicted jesus of blasphemy before he was even tried, because they said that jesus couldn't be the messiah.
- Explains that god sent john the baptist to identify jesus christ as the true light and savior. the holy spirit descended from heaven in the form of a dove and rested on jesus.
- Explains that jesus performs many miracles and still there are people who don't believe in him.
- Analyzes how the pharisees convicted jesus of blasphemy before he was even tried, because they said that jesus couldn't be the messiah.
- Analyzes how jesus tells judas that he will betray him and peter that peter will deny even knowing him three times before the cock crowed the next morning.
- Explains that pilate judges jesus to be not guilty, but the jews don't accept this, yelling, "crucify him!" joseph of arimathea had been a secret disciple of jesus for fear of the jewish leaders.
- Narrates how jesus appeared to his disciples after thomas, nathanael, james, and john had been fishing all night with no luck.
- Analyzes how john's ministry was moral rather than political and could not be called revolutionary. he emphatically disclaimed messianic status, claiming only to be a forerunner of the kingdom prophesied in isaiah.
- Explains that the apostle john wrote the fourth gospel in ephesus, a city of asia minor. the rylands fragment of john proved it to be earlier, to about a.d.
- Compares the gospel of john and the synoptic gospels of matthew, mark, and luke.
- Analyzes how john supplemented the synoptics by using different stories and sayings instead of copying them. the synopsis is assumed in the fourth gospel, so much information is not reiterated in john.
- Explains that john didn't rely on the traditions found in the synoptic gospels, since they only mention the last passover when jesus died.
- Explains that the fourth gospel contains more extended discourses by jesus than do the synoptics. the differences are partly created by john's own way of translating into greek dominated teaching, and partly because john had a habit of paraphrasing.
- Analyzes how the dead sea scrolls have shown that john's religious vocabulary is characteristic of first century judaism. the gospel is written in the koine greek of the time, and is characterized rather frequently by hebrew parallelis
- Analyzes how john's gospel account presents a very exalted view of jesus, recognizing him as the divine son of god.
- Analyzes how john's account was written to deepen the faith of those in his community already familiar with the synoptic accounts, and to guide them in becoming better disciples of jesus.
- Analyzes how john presents jesus as delivering his last discourse before his arrest, explaining to his followers what it means to be his disciple.
- Opines that john's gospel will undoubtedly provoke them to read other books of the bible in the near future.
- Opines that john must have had a great sense of humor, since he enjoyed the irony used throughout the book.
- Explains gundry, robert h., ph.d. a survey of the new testament. grand rapids, michigan: zondervan publishing house, 1970.
- Describes john the baptist's life application bible for students, and merril c. tenney, new testament times.
1987 words
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Essay about the Old Testament
analytical essay
From a theological point of view, for Christians and Jews, these writings represent the word of God and they are highly respected as such, not only during the worship, but in the everyday’s life of those who believe.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the old testament is a literary jewel whose influence reflects in the work of many prominent authors from different generations.
- Explains that christian and jewish writings represent the word of god and are highly respected as such, not only during worship, but in everyday life.
- Explains that the hebrew scriptures have been a crucial factor in establishing our civilization. numerous archaeological findings were made possible thanks to these texts.
- Explains that the old testament is a literary jewel whose influence reflects in the work of many prominent authors from different generations.
- Explains that christian and jewish writings represent the word of god and are highly respected as such, not only during worship, but in everyday life.
- Explains that the hebrew scriptures have been a crucial factor in establishing our civilization. numerous archaeological findings were made possible thanks to these texts.
- Explains that genesis is the "book of origins" because all other books of the bible come from it.
- Explains that exodus means "departure" and refers to the departure of the children of israel from egypt. chapter 20 contains the ten commandments.
- Explains that levita and leviticus are both derived from the name of levi, one of the twelve sons of jacob. the priestly tribe was commissioned to conduct the rites and ceremonies of sacrifices.
- Explains that the book of numbers comes from the fact that israel's children were counted twice. chapter ten follows the story of the israelites' pilgrimage from egypt to canaan, which was interrupted in exodus 19.
- Explains deuteronomy means "second law" or the second part of the law. many people who had been present at mount sinai had died for this time in israel's history.
- Explains that the book of joshua is named in honor of one of the two spies who later became the successor of moses. joshua led the israelites crossing the jordan, attacked and conquered the canaanites, and divided the land among his followers.
- Explains that judges tells the story of israel from the death of joshua until the time of samuel. the people disobeyed god and turned away repeatedly.
- Analyzes how the book of ruth is a love story that happened during the time of the judges. it gives us an excellent picture of life and customs of those days.
- Explains that israel rejected god, and asked for a king like in other nations. david, whom god had chosen, was installed as king.
- Explains that the two books, also united into one in the hebrew bible, continue the story of the people of israel from the coronation of solomon, the son of david, as king to the deportation
- Explains that chronicles emphasizes the story of judah and the temple worship.
- Analyzes how the book of ezra recounts the return of exiles from captivity and the rebuilding of the temple in an atmosphere of hostility and paganism.
- Explains that the book of nehemiah is the last of the historical books in the old testament.
- Explains that esther is a literary gem that is read with interest and delight by young people and adults.
- Analyzes how the patriarch job, a righteous man, loses his possessions and, one by one, all his children. the book is dedicated to the philosophical discussion about suffering between job and his friends
- Explains that the book of psalms is composed of 150 poems, some of which are of great expressive beauty.
- Explains that proverbs are short sentences that convey moral truth in a concise and sharp style. they originated in the east and are one of the oldest forms of instruction.
- Explains that ecclesiastes was written as a monologue. according to jewish traditions, solomon was . the word "vanity" appears many times in the book.
- Explains that salomon writes about the beauty and sacredness of a man and woman's relationship. the story symbolizes the great love of god for his people.
- Explains that the book of isaiah was written in troubled times, and the people had moved away from religion and had been corrupted.
- Explains that the prophet jeremiah lived in a sad time in the history of the jewish people.
- Analyzes how jeremias, standing amid the ruins of jerusalem and the temple, laments the destruction that he predicted.
- Explains that ezekiel was taken into captivity 11 years before the destruction of jerusalem. the theme of his prophecy is precisely jerusalem's destruction, the view over the village, and the return of exiles.
- Explains that daniel's prophecy is one of the most interesting books in the bible. their stories (chapters 1-6) are vivid and exciting, and the visions of chapters 7-12 are very significant.
- Explains that the message of hosea was addressed mainly to israel. the first three chapters give us an account of israel's domestic problems.
- Explains that joel's book is divided into two parts: (1) a great calamity caused by an invasion of locusts, and (2) god’s answer to the prayers of the people.
- Explains that amos is one of the first prophetic books. he prophesies that god loves mercy and not only formal sacrifices.
- Explains that obadiah lived in jerusalem after the deportation of judah to babylon. he was the messenger of god who announced the fall of the edomites, who were descendants of esau.
- Opines that jonah's book is the most enjoyable to read among all the minor prophets. the jonas reference to jesus indicates that it was a historical narrative.
- Explains that micah lived during the time of isaiah and preached against the sins of his time and especially against oppression of the rich to the poor.
- Explains that the book, divided into two main parts, prophesies the destruction of nineveh. the first part presents the judge and the second part is about the judgement on the wicked city.
- Analyzes how habakkuk prophesied in judah during the reign of joaquin. he wrote about the evils of israel and its imminent defeat by the chaldeans.
- Explains that zephaniah lived at the time of jeremiah, habakkuk and nahum, and spoke against the sins of the people.
- Explains that the book of haggai contains four prophecies, all related to the rebuilding of the temple under zerubbabel.
- Explains that zechariah's message is divided into two parts: the first part (chapters 1-8) is the restoration of the temple, and the last part with the kingdom of christ.
- Explains that malachi was the last prophet of the old testament. he saw the people turning back to their old life of sin and predicted the messiah's coming.
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Analysis Of The Pauline Epistles II: The Epistle To Timothy
analytical essay
^ John Arthur Thomas Robinson (1919-1983). "Redating the New Testament". Westminster Press, 1976. 369 halaman. ISBN 10: 1-57910-527-0; ISBN 13: 978-1-57910-527-3
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how paul delegate tasks to a young servant of the lord, where at that time the situation of his ministry there are heresies, and that is very dangerous.
- Explains the main theme of the book of i timothy is advice to a young shepherd personal mannerisms, and employment services.
- Recommends calling on the service while she was actively opposed to the gospel (1 tit 1: 12, 13).
- Analyzes how paul delegate tasks to a young servant of the lord, where at that time the situation of his ministry there are heresies, and that is very dangerous.
- Explains the main theme of the book of i timothy is advice to a young shepherd personal mannerisms, and employment services.
- Recommends calling on the service while she was actively opposed to the gospel (1 tit 1: 12, 13).
- Explains the purpose of christ in wearing it as an example in holding long suffering.
- Describes the character and way of life experience of christianity.
- Explains that he is loyal to his wife and has authority in his household.
- Opines that a notification of the kemurtatan in the future prevalence of doctrine and teachings of demons will ruin the family gradually and will cause splits.
- Explains the church's attitude towards widows, citing tit 5: 3-16. this part has knowledge about the background and social conditions of the time.
- Explains the obligation to separate himself from the teachers who like to fight/argue.
- Explains that paul's letter of 2 timothy was written in the same period by epistle philippians.
- Analyzes how timothy young is brittle, in stature, tend to succumb, but he is called by god to a daunting task in the church of god. he remained loyal to executed all his ministry is seriously.
- Analyzes departemen pendidikan dan kebudayaan, kamus besar bahasa indonesia cetakan
- Cites charles swindol, roy b. zuck, and the speaker’s quote book.
- Cites greg ogden's servant leadership chapter in james d. berkley’s leadership handbook of management and administration.
- Explains john arthur thomas robinson's "redating the new testament". westminster press, 1976.
- Cites h. von soden's encyclopaedia biblica, disunting t. k. cheyne and j. s. black.
- Explains drane's introducing the new testament. memahami perjanjian baru: pengantar historis-teologis.
- Explains john arthur thomas robinson's "redating the new testament". westminster press, 1976.
- Analyzes how the first epistle to timothy outlines three things that are attributable to each other: a warning against false teachings within the church, and instructions regarding the management of the church and of worship.
- Explains that the book of i timothy contains principles and guidelines to govern the church and how to overcome the false teachers teachings.
- Explains that paul's letters to timothy are an expression of the personal attention of paul towards timothy in old age.
- Analyzes how the letter addressed directly to timothy as paul in the church of ephesus emphasizes the responsibilities of ministers to keep the gospel in order to remain pure and free from the false teaching that is debilitating.
- Explains that paul wrote this epistle i timothy after the events listed in the end acts. the prison sentence which was first experienced by paul in rome ended with freedom.
- Explains that paul's letter to timothy is a legitimate child in faith and colleague of paul in ephesians.
- Concludes that paul wrote his first letter to timothy from macedonia, and later wrote a second to titus. paul was martyred in 67-68 m.
- Analyzes how timothy encourages timothy to preserve the purity of the gospel and the holy standard of pollution of false teachers.
- Explains that timothy continues to fight for mempetahankan the true faith and prove a false teaching error weakened the power of the gospel that saved.
- Analyzes how the letter addressed directly to timothy sebangai deputy paul in the church of ephesus emphasizes the responsibility of timothy pastor to nurture the gospel in order to remain pure and free from false teaching.
- Explains that teachers who embraced the doctrine of legalism (concerned with law enforcement outwardly) stressed the things that don't need than piety, which led to a quarrel.
- Explains the importance of contemplation and total devotion, coupled with vigilance in personal behavior, so that tingah can bring a good influence.
- Describes the dangers of fortune, god's servant, and the obligation to avoid greed/envy.
- Explains that the letter is classed as "pastoral letters" and that it is similar to the epistles of paul.
- Analyzes how paul's belief that he will be released starting to slack. in a letter to the philippians, paul convinced will meet them back shortly.
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The Bible And The Canon: The Writing Of The Bible
explanatory essay
The concept of scripture is the formation of the writings of the Bible as the Canon. At first, scripture was passed down orally until finally the culture was pressured to begin to write everything down. They had positive and negative pressures with this decision including, people wanting their family members for many generations to know their experiences to wars or natural disasters. God’s covenants with humankind show us his unconditional love for us in that he would do anything to help make us believe in him. Scripture arose in Judaism by merely the formation and later destruction of the nation of Israel. The formation of Israel was the need for court records in 1,000 BCE. The destruction of Israel was the exile of the people into Babylon
In this essay, the author
- Explains the concept of scripture, which is the formation of writings of the bible as the canon.
- Explains that god's work in creation begins in genesis 1-11 where we learn about the cosmology of the world. different relationships between god and creation in scripture are referred to as covenants.
- Explains that god's covenant relationships were about obedience and disobedience, which was referred to as sin and disorder.
- Explains the concept of scripture, which is the formation of writings of the bible as the canon.
- Explains that god's work in creation begins in genesis 1-11 where we learn about the cosmology of the world. different relationships between god and creation in scripture are referred to as covenants.
- Explains that god's covenant relationships were about obedience and disobedience, which was referred to as sin and disorder.
- Explains that god has given us many covenants with him to understand his love for us, which affects the development of christianity.
700 words
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Understanding Authority
analytical essay
“Douglas, J. D., and Merrill C. Tenney.” “Authority.” NIV Compact Dictionary of the Bible. Grand
In this essay, the author
- Explains that authority is the legal and/or moral right to exercise power, or power that is rightly possessed. in the bible god is presented as the ultimate, personal authority and the sources of all authority.
- Analyzes how kafka's understanding was that the world was not one that was in control and wished to share that with many through his writings.
- Analyzes kafka's struggle with the realism of life and the false life in which authority played a big part.
- Explains that authority is the legal and/or moral right to exercise power, or power that is rightly possessed. in the bible god is presented as the ultimate, personal authority and the sources of all authority.
- Analyzes how kafka's understanding was that the world was not one that was in control and wished to share that with many through his writings.
- Analyzes kafka's struggle with the realism of life and the false life in which authority played a big part.
- Analyzes how tolstoy's presentation of ivan ilyich presented his story with not the understanding of authority but how much his life was lacking authority.
- Analyzes how camus' "the guest" presented an issue in which one was morally mistreated due to the fact he was a prisoner.
- Analyzes how the bible explains that all authority comes from and originates with god. tolstoy, kafka, and camus expressed the functional definition of authority in their lives.
- Explains that authority is a good thing for every christian to understand since it is the entire foundation of quality relationship with christ. when we accept jesus christ, we are allowing him become in authority to our lives.
- Cites dictionary.com unabridged. random house, inc. 18 sep. 2011. barker, kenneth l.
864 words
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How Much Deviation from Religious Doctrine is Acceptable?
analytical essay
Bacon, Benjamin W. "The Canon of the New Testament" The Biblical World, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Feb., 1903), Published by: The University of Chicago Press. Web. Available at:
In this essay, the author
- Opines that religious doctrines aren't universal, and that it's important to realize that from a historical perspective, no religion should demand strict adherence to its doctrine.
- Explains that christianity can be divided into three main denominations: catholicism, protestantists, and eastern orthodox. their doctrines are based on the old and new testament.
- Analyzes how cicero's "the nature of the gods" criticizes pythagoras' followers, stating that authority prevails without any argument.
- Opines that religious doctrines aren't universal, and that it's important to realize that from a historical perspective, no religion should demand strict adherence to its doctrine.
- Explains that christianity can be divided into three main denominations: catholicism, protestantists, and eastern orthodox. their doctrines are based on the old and new testament.
- Analyzes how cicero's "the nature of the gods" criticizes pythagoras' followers, stating that authority prevails without any argument.
- Analyzes how a strict dogmatic interpretation of religion can present problems in modern society. "trembling before god" follows the conflict between the man's desire to be an orthodox jew and his homosexuality.
- Argues that fundamentalist interpretations of the bible take a strong stance against abortion, gay marriage, and teaching creationism in public schools.
- Analyzes how jesus was radical in his time and challenged many commonly held beliefs. christians condemned the persecution and death of jesus at the hands of the romans, but this was directly caused by the pharisees.
- Analyzes how jesus challenges the fundamentalist mindset in the book of mark. he breaks several important rules of judaism, which angers the pharisees.
- Argues that allowing doctrine to be changed at all is a slippery slope and could undermine the very core of the religion.
- Explains that gnosticism emphasizes personal belief and introspection. it originated as an early branch of christianity based on the gospel of thomas.
- Analyzes how the actors in jesus of montreal form their own interpretation of jesus' life. robin william's character wants to teach an unorthodox view of poetry to his students, in spite of the strict lesson plan his superiors want.
- Concludes that strict adherence to dogma is a roadblock in man's search for truth and should no longer be practiced in modern times.
- Explains that bacon, benjamin w., "the canon of the new testament" the biblical world, vol. 21, no. 2 (feb.
- Explains cicero, ross, and mcgregor's the nature of the gods. penguin classics, 1972.
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The New and Old Testament
explanatory essay
The Bible is the Word of God. It is God’s message for all of humanity. The Bible is divine revelation, breathed by God, written by men, and is applicable for all of humanity. In today’s world, there is controversy over if the inerrancy of the Bible and inspiration of the writers; however, there is little controversy over the simple fact of the New Testament, as a whole, itself. The Bible is not one long book, but rather, the Bible is a book consisting of various letters and manuscripts from throughout the history of mankind. A human being wrote every book of today’s Bible during various times in history. However, there is a classic divide in the books—Old and New Testament. The Old Testament is considered the Jewish Bible. This Bible was the original Scriptures during the time of Jesus and was the original Scriptures for many years. Therefore, not much controversy has risen over the assembly of the Old Testament.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that there have always been people who have tried to undermine ity of god's word. in light of these dangerous teachings, orthodoxy has shown through.
- Explains that marcion's attempt to have a unified book of authoritative books included only the gospel of luke and paul’s writings. the complete old testament was done away with and all other letters written were not inspired.
- Explains that there were other reasons for the need for an authoritative text. the gnostics combined the ideas of christianity and greek philosophy to make one religion.
- Explains that there have always been people who have tried to undermine ity of god's word. in light of these dangerous teachings, orthodoxy has shown through.
- Explains that marcion's attempt to have a unified book of authoritative books included only the gospel of luke and paul’s writings. the complete old testament was done away with and all other letters written were not inspired.
- Explains that there were other reasons for the need for an authoritative text. the gnostics combined the ideas of christianity and greek philosophy to make one religion.
- Explains that neither of these two councils formulated and penned down what the official listing of the canon that is possessed by believers today. instead, they affirmed the letters and books that were already in circulation while condemning those books which have no place in the church.
- Explains that the councils did not officially create the modern day biblical text, but affirmed which letters and books were to be included. some books do not pass all the tests but completed enough to make it into the canon.
- Explains that each book had to possess each of these qualities in order to be included in the canon. church leaders and councils followed these qualifications.
- Explains that the councils never officially mandated the canon, but rather approved what was already agreed upon to stop the spread of heretical teachings. barker, lane, and michaels make a great observation in regards to this formation.
- Opines that barker, glenn w., william l. lane, and j. ramsey michaels, 1969, the new testament speaks.
- Describes elwell, walter a., and barry j. beitzel's baker encyclopedia of the bible.
- Explains that the bible is divine revelation, breathed by god, written by men, and applicable for all of humanity. there is a classic divide in the books—old and new testament.
- Explains that the bible was originally written by apostles, elders and teachers of the church, but the gospels served a different purpose.
- Explains that people have always tried to usurp ity of god's word, but others have answered the call to protect the sanctity of the word. a list of what should be included in the canon was discovered by ludovico antonio muratori.
- Explains that there was no official, authoritative text by which the church should conduct itself by. the council of laodicea rejected the book of revelations from their listing.
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How do We Know the New Testament is God's Word?
explanatory essay
In order to determine if the New Testament is God’s Word one must understand how the New Testament came together. It is very important to understand the terms, which make up the process and the physical existence of the New Testament and the Bible for that matter. When making reference to the Bible many people use different terms to mean the same thing.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that there is debate over the accuracy and inerrancy of scripture, but christians are ill-equipped to answer these questions.
- Explains that in order to determine if the new testament is god's word, one must understand how it came together.
- Explains that the new testament gives a very specific definition and purpose of scripture. the bible says that all scripture is inspired by god and is good for correction and training in righteousness.
- Explains that there is debate over the accuracy and inerrancy of scripture, but christians are ill-equipped to answer these questions.
- Explains that in order to determine if the new testament is god's word, one must understand how it came together.
- Explains that the new testament gives a very specific definition and purpose of scripture. the bible says that all scripture is inspired by god and is good for correction and training in righteousness.
- Explains that the term testament refers to the final will of someone who has died, but also to an arrangement made by one person, which may be accepted or rejected by another party. the new testament is the same as the old testament covenant.
- Explains that the term "canon" refers to the closed collection of documents that make up authoritative scripture.
- Explains the criterion for determining whether certain writings were to be included in the new testament canon.
- Explains that the most important standard for inclusion was the determination if a book was inspired. the rule of faith, apostolicity, and universality guided church leaders' decisions.
- Explains that the "rule of faith" was a point of agreement for inclusion on writings as it pertained to whether or not they followed the beliefs of the church.
- Explains that apostolicity was a criterion that mostly concerned those who were in immediate contact with the apostles.
- Explains the idea behind universality as part of the criteria for canonical selection is the wide spread acceptance of a particular writing within the church.
- Explains that the criterion of inspiration determines whether or not a book would be considered part of the canon.
- Concludes that through faith in god, the spirit, and the promises set forth in scripture all can know for certainty that the bible that we have today is complete.
- Describes carson, d. a., and douglas j. moo's introduction to the new testament.
- Analyzes how the book of luke is a perfect example of purposeful and responsible efforts given in order to pass down accurate information from generation to generation.
- Explains the process by which the canon of the new testament was specifically chosen. the two most important sources are scripture and tradition, which correlate with apostlicity and universality.
- Explains lea, thomas d., and black, david alan. the holy bible, the new international version, niv copyright 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by biblica.
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History of the World´s Religion
analytical essay
... to paleographers, historians who study ancient texts, there are over 5,800 manuscripts of the New Testament (compared to only seven existing manuscripts of Plato's writings) dating between second and fifteenth centuries AD.. The original documents for the New Testament date between 50 AD and 95 AD. Overall there are more than 25,000 early translation of the bible partial and complete manuscript copies of the New Testament. Furthermore, there are also some 86,000 quotations from the early church fathers and with these quotations alone scholars could reconstruct the whole New testament if we did not have a single copy of the Bible(Evidence that demands a verdict p 50). No other ancient book has this remarkable preservation and documentation and as these ancient manuscripts (the popular handbook of archaeology and the bible-Joseph Holden and Norman Geisler) 102-109.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how history of the world's religion tackles the sources that make up the life of jesus by stating that early christians modified the new testemant.
- Explains that historians want to know if multiple sources or manuscripts report the same details and dated near to the person or event in question. the gospels provide extensive details of jesus' life.
- Analyzes how s claim that jesus' disciples wrote down some of his teachings and ocacsially threw in historical aspects of the time.
- Analyzes how history of the world's religion tackles the sources that make up the life of jesus by stating that early christians modified the new testemant.
- Explains that historians want to know if multiple sources or manuscripts report the same details and dated near to the person or event in question. the gospels provide extensive details of jesus' life.
- Analyzes how s claim that jesus' disciples wrote down some of his teachings and ocacsially threw in historical aspects of the time.
- Explains that archaeologists have discovered the names of government officials, kings, cities, festivals, roman taxation, hostile between jew and gentile, jewish worship, all of which match the gospels accounts.
- States that the earliest ancient manuscripts we do have were a collection of sources called q which were modified and amplified by early christian writers.
- Analyzes how bart ehrman's book, "did jesus exist? the historical argument for jesus of nazareth," demonstrates that there is no doubt a historical jesus did exist.
- Argues that there is no source material from objective observers about jesus and that this leaves people who believe in jesus with nothing but their faith to construct the historical jesus.
- Analyzes bart ehrman's claim that the new testament has been remarkably preserved over time.
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Why Does The New Testament Contain Some Books?
explanatory essay
Why does the New Testament contain some books, but not others? Why do we have Timothy, but not the likes of Judas? What makes Ezra worthy but not Judith, Tobit or the Maccabees? There have been a variety of answers to this question proposed by laymen. Not all of them possessing merit. Perhaps some can recall the story in which some Christians claimed that at the First Council of Nicaea they took all the books they had and set them upon a table. In some renditions the books that fell off where not included and in others renditions they closed the door and the gospel magically appeared on the table while the others vanished. Neither of these accounts are of course accurate. In this paper we’ll have an examination of the real history, if not brief, of the New Testament Canon.
In this essay, the author
- Explains why the new testament contains some books, but not others. there have been a variety of answers to this question proposed by laymen, not all of them possessing merit.
- Explains that the early church had the jewish old testament in the form of the septuagint as a model.
- Explains that inspiration was used to determine if a text could be ‘worthy’ of being canonical, but it did not instantaneously become ‘canon’.
- Explains why the new testament contains some books, but not others. there have been a variety of answers to this question proposed by laymen, not all of them possessing merit.
- Explains that the early church had the jewish old testament in the form of the septuagint as a model.
- Explains that inspiration was used to determine if a text could be ‘worthy’ of being canonical, but it did not instantaneously become ‘canon’.
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History Of The Old Testament In The Bible
explanatory essay
The gathering of books of the New Testament was arisen in the end of the second century, A.D. The church influential established books they believed were built on eyewitness versions of the events we read today, while discarding many Christian texts.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the bible is a collection of stories, given by the christian church as reminder of god, and guideline for their beliefs.
- Explains prophets are men and women in the bible chosen by god to tell his message to the people.
- Explains that the old testament is the first of two sections of the holy bible.
- Explains that the bible is a collection of stories, given by the christian church as reminder of god, and guideline for their beliefs.
- Explains prophets are men and women in the bible chosen by god to tell his message to the people.
- Explains that the old testament is the first of two sections of the holy bible.
- Explains that the new testament was written in the greek language over the era of 50 to 120 a.d.
- Explains that the new testament shows jesus' birth, death, and resurrection. jesus was born 6 and 4 b.c. in bethlehem. he was intended to accomplish the role of christ.
- Explains that christianity began as a group of judaism and only developed as an isolated religion after large numbers of man had been converted.
- Opines that whatever you think your god will be, he will meet all your needs according to his glorious riches in christ jesus.
- Explains that hebrew is the name of a nation chosen by god to be his special people. idol is an idol made by people and worshiped as if it had the powers of god.
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Exegesis of James
analytical essay
Lea, Thomas D. The New Testament: Its background and Message. Nashville, TN: Broadman Press, 1996.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the exegete of holy scripture must know the background of the passage, , intended readers and hearers, date, place of writing, occasion and purpose, and literary genre.
- Explains that james addressed his letter to "the twelve tribes scattered among the nations" and that he was writing to a jewish audience that was leaving jerusalem because of the persecution of christians.
- Explains that james the lord's brother was martyred in a.d. 62 so this sets the terminus ad quiem at this date.
- Explains that the exegete of holy scripture must know the background of the passage, , intended readers and hearers, date, place of writing, occasion and purpose, and literary genre.
- Explains that james addressed his letter to "the twelve tribes scattered among the nations" and that he was writing to a jewish audience that was leaving jerusalem because of the persecution of christians.
- Explains that james the lord's brother was martyred in a.d. 62 so this sets the terminus ad quiem at this date.
- Concludes that the book of james was written from jerusalem. the reference in james 5:7 to the 'earlier and latter rains' confirms the location of jerusalem since it is located on the eastern coast of the mediterranean sea.
- Analyzes how james' letter is a practical homily designed to encourage believers to show the reality of their theological commitment in practice.
- Explains that james' literary genre is an epistle or letter. it has the typical identification of , address and greeting.
- Explains that the book has numerous categories, such as diatribes, paranetic literature, eclecticism, and the early christian sermon or homily.
- Opines that the book of james is a valuable resource in understanding how to live the christian life.
- Urges people to repent, be sorry, sad, and weep in prayer and be humble before the lord.
- Opines that james' use of 'fights' and "quarrels" to characterize or describe christians is deplorable.
- Explains that many scholars have asserted that james is accusing the people of murder. james might have been warning them that what they were doing was not cohesive with their new life in christ.
- Analyzes how james concludes his series of commands with an exhortation to humble yourselves. the concept of humbling oneself before the lord is one that views themselves in spiritual poverty.
- Explains that of the book of james, iakobos in the greek, does not identify himself clearly.
- Explains that people fight and argue with one another because they are full of selfish desire that war in their members. the scriptures say that god envies greatly to be with us.
- Analyzes how james uses a question to introduce the topic of worldliness or the pursuit of selfish desires and lust. the greek words machai and polemoi describe physical conflicts between individuals or nations.
- Analyzes how james uses a different word for passion or desire (epithmeo), but this is because the verb hedomai is rare. the basic problem is to determine the relationship between the series of verbs in the first half of the verse.
- Analyzes how james makes the people aware of their need to pray with right motives. jesus says in matthew 7:7 that if you ask, you will receive, but jesus had in mind the kind of asking that was in line with the will of god.
- Analyzes how james begins the verse with the word "adulterous" or actually adulteresses, which is a feminine noun.
- Analyzes how the niv rendering of verse 5 is appropriate in a description of man's attitude rather than god.
- Analyzes how james stresses the evil tendencies within persons that cause us to sin, but recognizes the role of satan.
- Analyzes how the harsh commands of verse 9 echo the language of the prophets. james demands of his readers a deep heartfelt sorrow and repentance of sin.
- Explains that the book of james was written by james the brother of jesus between a.d. 45 to 47.
- Explains that davids, peter, and lea, thomas d. the new testament: its background and message.
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