These cells (that have cancer in them) are able to go into other muscles or part of body by growing into them. They can also get into other tissue by putting themselves into faraway places in the body by “Metastasis”. Metastasis is a process that when cancer cells move through the blood stream or lymphatic system. When this happens, a person’s cancer can be spread inside his/her body.
Cancer can affect anybody at any age. Most types of cancer are more possible to affect people as they get older. This is because a person’s DNA gets older. Their DNA may become damaged, that happened in the past and might get worse. One type of cancer that is more common in young man, rather than older people is, testicular cancer (cancer of the testicles)
There is no cure for cancer. It can only be cured if all of the cells with cancer are cut out or killed in place. This means that the earlier the cancer is treated, the better the chances are for a cure (because the cancer cells may not have had enough time to copy themselves and spread so much that the person cannot be cured). There are a few different types of treatments that are used to try to kill cancer cells. These treatments are radiation therapy (which uses radiation to kill cancer cells); chemotherapy (which uses strong medications to kill cancer cells); and biological therapy. In some cases, at least a part of tumour can be taken out through surgery. But this is not the end of treatment. After surgery, sick people may need radiotherapy or chemotherapy to keep the tumour from growing again.
One big problem of treating cancer is that most things that kill cancer cells are also kills normal and healthy cells. This is why people who are getting chemotherapy often lose their hair and throw u...
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...her things that are knows to be able to cause many different types of cancer. For example, using tobacco (smoke or smokeless) can cause many types of cancers, such as lung, mouth, tongue, and throat cancers.
Other things that are known to be able to get cancer or make a person more possible to get cancer include being unprotected to lots of sunlight, radiation (including X-rays in large or many amounts, chemicals used in building and work, high-fat or low-fibre diets; dirty air and water, eating very little fruit and vegetables; fatness; not enough physical activity; drinking too much alcohol; and some chemicals commonly used at home. Some cancers can also cause by viruses. Even if a person is exposed to one of these possible causes of cancer, it does not mean that he will automatically get cancer. Many people who do these things do not get cancer- but some do.
In this essay, the author
- Describes the process of metastasis, where cancer cells move through the blood stream or lymphatic system and spread inside a person's body.
- Explains that most types of cancer are more likely to affect people as they get older, because a person's dna gets older. testicular cancer is more common in young men than older people.
- Explains that there is no cure for cancer. it can only be cured if all of the cells with cancer are cut out or killed in place. there are different types of treatments that are used to kill cancer cells.
- Explains that chemotherapy kills cells in the hair and stomach, and the immune system doesn't attack cancer cells, even though they could kill the body. there are many different types of cancer and each type has its own signs.
- Explains that many people in many countries study cancer and work on finding cures, and many cancers are treated with success. some studies look for things that people with cancer can do themselves to try to make them healthier.
- Explains that cancer is one of the biggest and most studied causes of death in developed countries. it causes about 12.5% of all deaths in the world.
- Explains that exposure to radiation, high-fat or low-fibre diets, dirty air and water, fatness, not enough physical activity, drinking too much alcohol, and some chemicals can cause cancer.
Related
- explanatory
- comparative
- Cancer Essayexplanatory essayCancer can develop anywhere in the body. Cells grow abnormally and become cancerous because of environmental factors, such as smoking cigarettes and exposure to radiation; genetics, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and even just luck (Stern et al., 2004). Even though genetics play the primary role in the development of cancer, the environment in which one lives also contributes to the chances of getting cancer. Some of the environmental factors that influence the development of cancer include alcohol use, obesity, asbestos, HIV, and Down’s syndrome.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that although chemotherapy can effectively control cancer, it isn't a cure: it can cure some cancers such as hodgkin's disease, burkitt’s lymphoma,
- Explains that black people are genetically predisposed to cancer, despite the higher incidence of cancer in white people. these differences are related to socio-economic factors such as access to health care and treatment.
- Explains that lung cancer is the second leading cancer in men and the sixth common cancer among women in south africa. tobacco smoking increases the risk of getting cancer with the amount of tobacco smoked.
- Explains that stomach cancer starts in the inner layer cells called the mucosa and spreads through the other layers of the stomach as it grows.
- Explains that liver cancer is an infection-related cancer that is especially common in developing countries.
- Explains that colon cancer occurs when a cancerous growth forms on the inside wall of the colon. it is widespread in men and women in south africa.
- Explains that breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women around the world, accounting for 14% of the total cancer deaths in 2008.
- Explains that chemotherapy is a systemic therapy that uses medicine to weaken and destroy all cancer cells in the body. it can also harm healthy cells that divide quickly, such as those that cause hair growth.
- Explains that radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells. the radiation may be delivered by a machine located outside the body, or it may come from radioactive material.
- Explains that surgery is used to prevent, treat, stage and diagnose cancer. it removes tumors or as much of the cancerous tissue as possible.
- Explains that cancer can develop anywhere in the body because of environmental factors, such as smoking, radiation, genetics, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and luck.
- Opines that cancer is a humiliating and punishing disease as its treatments often deny people of the organs that give them their gender-identity, their sense of wholeness, and beauty.
- Explains that two thirds of all cancers can be prevented by smoking, limiting exposure to toxic substances, and eating certain foods. early stages of cancer may be pain-free, but not all patients experience pain.
- Explains that agitation, withdrawal, non-engagement with the doctor and unrealistic expectations about treatment are predictors of poor psychosocial adjustment to therapy.
- Explains that tailored counseling is effective with regard to distress, self-concept, locus of control, fatigue, and sexual problems, while structured counseling showed positive effects in treating depression.
- Explains that herbal medicine has become a subject of global importance, having an effect on world health and international trade.
2414 wordsRead More - Learning about, and Preventing Cancerexplanatory essayCancer is a disease when abnormal cells divide without control and invade other tissues in the body. Normal cells divide in a regulated way to generate new cells that are needed to keep the body healthy. Cancer cells are when the normal cell division process goes awry. When this happens cells don’t die like they’re supposed to, and new cells are produced when the body doesn’t need them. When cancer cells form a lump of tissue it’s called a tumor. There are two types of tumors, malignant, and benign. A benign tumor isn’t cancerous, and can often be removed, and in most cases, they don’t come back. Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body like malignant tumors. Malignant tumors are cancerous. The cells within the malignant tumor spread from one part of the body to another and also invade nearby tissue which is called metastasis.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that half of men and one third of women will get cancer in their lifetime. one in eight deaths in the world is due to cancer.
- Explains that cancer is a disease when abnormal cells divide without control and invade other tissues in the body.
- Explains that cancers are classified by the area in the body in which they originate and by what stage the cancer is in. staging helps doctors plan treatments, estimate prognosis, and find out what treatment would work the most effectively.
- Explains that most cancers have tnm designation, but some do not. most cancer registries use summary staging, which puts cancer into five main categories: in situ, localized, regional, distant, and unknown.
- Explains that a person can take different measures to lower his/her chances of developing cancer. lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women and men in the us.
- Explains that chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are the most common treatments for each type of cancer.
- Explains that cancer is a condition in the body when there is uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that evolve into tumors. fatty food, smoking, and drinking all affect the chances of developing cancer.
831 wordsRead More - Essay On Brain Cancercomparative essayCancer is a disease of abnormal cells in which they divide uncontrollably and can eventually metastasize throughout the body. Cancer actually is not just one disease; there are over 100 types of cancer and are usually named after the type of cell/organ that they began in. Brain cancer can be classified into two groups: metastatic and primary brain tumors. Metastatic brain cancer begins in another organ and ultimately spreads to the brain. Primary brain tumors begin when malignant cancer cells arise in brain tissue. The long term prognosis of brain cancer varies from less that 10% to 32%. Children usually have a better projected outcome as 75% will survive longer than five years. Without proper treatment of the cancer it can result quickly in death. Brain cancer is a very harsh disease and only has a few effective treatments.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the symptoms of brain cancer, including difficulty walking, seizures, weakness, headaches, vomiting, blurry vision, and changes in alertness or mental capacity.
- Explains that treatment for brain cancer varies widely depending on the location in the brain, tumor size, age of the patient and the general health status.
- Estimates that there will be approximately 1,655,540 new cases of cancer in 2014 along with 585,720 cancer deaths in the u.s. brain cancer is not one of the most common forms but if diagnosed it can quickly become a killer
- Explains that cancer is a disease of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and can eventually metastasize throughout the body. the long term prognosis of brain cancer varies from less than 10% to 32%.
656 wordsRead More - Treating Cancer Essayexplanatory essayWhat treatments are the most effective to curing cancer? Cancer has become a very common illness which has affected more that 12 million people over the world since the 1970’s (Ahmedin, 2011). The diagnosis of cancers has been on the increase and many new kinds are being discovered. There are over 200 different kinds of cancers, most of which many people are unfamiliar with. Each type of cancer has different symptoms and many are diagnosed differently.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cancer has affected more than 12 million people over the world since the 1970's. the diagnosis of cancers has been on the increase and many new kinds are being discovered.
- Explains that cancer is the change of normal cells to abnormal cells. cancerous and non-cancerous tumours can have an effect on the body if not treated.
- Explains that fig.1 shows the difference between a normal cell and cancerous cells.
- Explains that cancer can be caused by a fault in your genetic make-up, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer and ovarian cancer. cancer can also be primary or secondary.
- Explains the different methods used for diagnosing cancer, including biopsies, blood tests, genetic testing, x-rays or scans, and tumour markers.
- Explains that biopsy is a quick method of testing for cancer and is more accurate.
- Explains that blood tests can be used to diagnose certain blood cancers such as lymphoma and leukaemia.
- Explains that x-rays provide doctors with an image of what is happening inside the body without having to have a surgical procedure.
- Explains that genetic testing is often used if cancer runs in your family and may be hereditary.
- Explains that tumour markers can be used to diagnose cancer and treat it. they are produced if cancer cells are present in the body.
- Explains that cancer can be treated using radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, hormone therapy, stem cell and bone marrow treatments.
- Explains that there are two types of radiation used to treat cancer: external radiation and internal radiation.
- Explains that chemotherapy is different from radiation as it does not involve x-rays but involves drugs which are used to kill cancer cells and prevent them from dividing.
- Explains that fig.2 shows the process in which the cells divide after being "attacked" by chemotherapy drugs.
- Explains that surgery is one of the most common treatments for cancer and involves removing the affected organ.
- Explains that hormone therapy was first discovered in 1896 by george beatson who discovered hormones are involved in the growth of cancer.
- Explains that stem cell and bone marrow transplants are another method of treating cancer.
- Explains that although cancer can be cured for some people, there are many side effects of the treatments received. these include infertility, chronic pain, hair loss, numbness, fatigue, osteoporosis, nausea and vomiting and the damaging of healthy cells.
- Explains that nausea and vomiting can be a common side effect from several cancer treatments. not every type of chemotherapy will cause vomiting.
- Explains that infertility can also be caused by some drugs and may stop you from having children in the future.
- Explains that hair loss is the most common side effect caused by cancer. it is usually chemotherapy that causes the loss of hair. hormone therapy and biological therapies can also cause this.
- Explains that if you haven't had a high dose of chemotherapy drug, your hair can grow back. it may take up to several months for it to grow again and it is most likely to be very soft.
- Explains that fatigue is a major side effect of cancer and that it affects 70-90% of people who have any cancer treatment. chemotherapy, hormone and biological therapies and painkillers can cause fatigue.
- Explains that osteoporosis is a condition that causes your bones to become very thin and soft, it increases the chances of the bones breaking.
- Explains that cancer treatment can affect the nervous system, which is made up of the spinal cord, the brain, and nerves throughout the body.
- Explains that chemotherapy and radiotherapy can cause secondary cancers, such as leukaemia and testicular cancer. the dose of radiation, the age of the patient, and the area treated are factors that may lead to a secondary tumour.
- Explains that cancer treatments kill damaged cells within the body, but radiotherapy can damage normal healthy cells, and chemotherapy can also damage cancerous cells.
- Explains that there are many different ways of treating cancer, each of which is more effective than others. there are certain types of cancer that require a specific type of treatment.
- Explains that surgery is one of the most effective ways to treat cancers as it allows surgeons to remove the entire cancerous tumour and reduce the risk of cancer returning.
- Explains that chemotherapy is an effective way of killing cancer cells. testicular cancer and hodgkin's disease are two types of cancer that can be cured using chemotherapy drugs.
- Explains that radiation therapy is the most effective way of reducing the risk of cancer reoccurring as the high electrical beams target the area affected and reduce the tumour by killing some of the damaged cells.
- Explains that hormone therapy is one of the least effect ways to treat cancer as it can only be given to patients who have a type of cancer that depends on hormones to allow it to grow.
- Explains that nitrogen mustard gas was used to treat lymphomas during the second world war, which led to the discovery of new drugs that have allowed cancers that were once fatal to now have a chance of being cured.
- Concludes that there are many different types of cancer each of which have a specific way of being treated. surgery is the most effective way, followed by radiotherapy to reduce the cancer cell count.
3406 wordsRead More - Cancer Essayexplanatory essayCancer has been seen in humans as one the most potentially fatal disease for thousands of years and only in the recent couple of hundred years have we discovered that most information necessary to bring us to today’s understanding and knowledge (Kenny 2007, Weinberg 1996) was achieved by extensive research of cells, DNA, and epidemiology studies. As we know, currently cancer is acknowledged as having over a hundred different diseases, and is known to be the result of mutations of the genes and almost similar DNA which are responsible for the amount of cell division and production (Kenny 2007). Restraint of cell growth modulators can be a direct lead and result of certain tumours being developed and subsequently allow these tumours to acquire the ability to attack and occupy the bloodstream and essentially be able to travel via the bloodstream to other parts and organs in human bodies which is known as metastasis (Loeb et Al 2003). Once this has occurred , the cancer is then categorized as malicious and becomes a dangerous and serious threat to the carrier (Weinberg 1996). In this essay I will describe and explain the process of this and how our genes mutate and lead to metastasis of cancer cells.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cancer has been seen in humans as one of the most potentially fatal diseases for thousands of years and is the result of mutations of genes and almost similar dna responsible for cell division and production.
- Explains that there are three known classifications of carcinogens, which are cancer-causing agents based on the fact that they directly boost effects and thus cause mutations.
- Explains that dna contains all the information we need for our bodies to function and thus develop. genes, which contain dna, act as instructions in order to create protein molecules.
- Explains that microrna genes are responsible for the regulation of gene expression. research and studies have shown that when certain changes occur in these genes, they are closely related to oncogenes and tumour suppression cells.
- Explains that proto-oncogenes encrypt proteins responsible for cell division control and production and cell death, or apoptosis.
- Explains that proto-oncogenes are intended to encourage cell division when necessary. tumour suppression genes are merely the opposing force.
- Explains that hyperplasia occurs when cells are excposed to a mutation of genes that are generally liable for the cell production.
- Explains that metastasis initiates growth on or near organs, which as a result interferes with its function. gene mutations and alterations affect the body's ability to control the rate of cell division.
1669 wordsRead More - Cancer Essayexplanatory essayIntroduction The body is composed of cells. Normally, these cells divide at a composed and calculated manner. If cells die or are destroyed, the body creates more cells through the division of existing cells. However, occasionally, problems with some cells in the body may occur.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cancer starts when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control and form new, abnormal cells.
- Explains the purpose of this paper, which is to describe the diagnosis and staging of cancer, and the side effects of the cancer treatment. staging allows doctors to accurately understand how far along the patient is in the illness.
- Explains the common elements considered in most staging systems are as follows: • site of the primary tumor and cell type (e.g. adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma); • regional lymph node involvement;
- Explains the tnm system, which is based off of certain requirements, including the size and extent of the primary tumor, the amount of spread to nearby lymph nodes, and the presence of metastasis.
- Explains that physical exams, laboratory tests, surgical reports, etc., can be used to determine the stage of the cancer in a patient.
- Explains that cancer can impact various parts of the body, and pain is one of its most evident complications.
- Explains that radiation and chemotherapy therapy can cause side effects such as irritated skin, throat pain, and hoarseness, as well as damage to other vital organs, including liver, brain, heart, bladder, digestive system, etc.
- Explains the various methods to lessen the physical and psychological effects of cancer, including exercise, sleep, and maintaining a healthy diet.
1094 wordsRead More - Cancer Essayexplanatory essayCancer is a deadly disease that affects millions of American families each year. In cancer, cell division isn't controlled. Usually, cells have to go through a set of checks and balances before they divide, in cancer that is nonexistent. The cells just keep duplicating until they eventually form disorganized clumps called tumors. Tumors can either be, benign, meaning that they do not possess the power to metastasize to surrounding areas. If a tumor has the power to metastasize, it is classified as a malignant tumor. In simple terms, a benign tumor is not cancerous, and a malignant tumor is. Cancer cells cannot perform the necessary functions they were created for. Some types of cancers, like pancreatic cancer, cannot be cured. Other cancers such as melanoma and breast cancer have high survival rates when caught early. The four major types of treatments used to treat cancer include, surgery to remove the affected organ, radiation, chemotherapy, or biological treatments.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cancer is a deadly disease that affects millions of american families each year. the four major types of treatments used to treat cancer include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or biological treatments.
- Explains that most colon cancers are adenocarcinomas, which form in the colon, the largest part of the large intestine.
- Explains that certain risk factors can lead to a higher chance of contracting colon cancer.
- Explains that treatment options for colon cancer vary on an individual’s personal case, the stage of the cancer, and how much it has spread.
- Explains that the 5-year survival rate for colon cancer is varied. it affects older people who have health problems and die from heart disease. cancer research is always improving so the numbers may be higher.
- Opines that even though colon cancer is deadly, when it is found early, there is a high chance that an individual will survive. smoking, drinking, and being overweight may increase the risks of getting cancer.
741 wordsRead More - Cancer Essayexplanatory essayCancer Overview Cancer is one of the primary causes of death worldwide, and one of the two largest groupings of diseases in the Western world, with the other being cardiovascular diseases (Teunissen, et al., 2007). Globally, one out of every eight deaths is cancer related, but what does this truly mean? Cancer is a term used to describe the diseases that involve the uncontrolled division of cells, also known as neoplasms, which typically originate from a larger mass of cells, referred to as a tumor; these cells later spread to other tissues and organs, increasing the spread of the disease. The cells infiltrate adjoining bodily tissues, disrupting their primary functions; these cells may also become detached from their main origin site, traveling by blood and lymph to sites far removed from the original tumor location, forming fresh colonies in a process referred to as metastasis or secondary growth (Stratton, Campbell, & Futreal, 2009). Each type of cancer is classified based on the cell or tissue that was initially infected within the patient’s body; consequently, there are over 100 different types of cancer, presenting major challenges for scientific research.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cancer is one of the primary causes of death worldwide, and one out of every eight deaths is cancer related.
- Explains that cancers can be classified into a variety of different groups, including carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia, lymphoma, and myelomas.
- Explains that many of the different "causes" of cancer are not causes in and of themselves, but should instead be quantified as either predisposing factors or carcinogens.
- Explains that biomarkers provide physiological information on the cell or tissue’s status at a given stage of the biological process.
- Explains that tumor markers are specific biomarkers that are used in the diagnosis, analysis, and treatment of cancer.
- Explains that cancer testis antigens (ctas) are a specific type of protein that are found only in germ cells, like the testicle or placenta of normal human tissues.
- Explains that ctas can be classified based on where they are located within the chromosome.
- Explains the classification of cancer/testis antigens based on large-scale gene expression. ctas have the potential to be expressed at low levels within the somatic tissues of the body or in other immune-privileged sites.
- Explains that aberrant activation and expression of mrna transcripts in various types of human cancers is one of the defining criterions of ctas as immunotherapeutic targets.
- Explains that melanoma, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer have the highest levels and frequency of ct expression. leukemia and various lymphomas have notably low frequencies of cta expression, while epithelial cancer types are intermediate in their levels
- Explains that ctas are groups of proteins expressed in normal testis and a variety of different tumors, as discussed.
- Explains that the attachment of a ski interacting protein, or skip, to the mage-a1 protein is critical in signaling pathways, including the notch1 pathway.
1671 wordsRead More - Breast Cancer Essayexplanatory essayBreast Cancer Ashley McCamey 4/15/2014 Breast cancer. The second leading cause of death among women. In the United States, over 220,000 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer and 40,000 will die each year. In men, 2,150 will be diagnosed and only 410 will die. Statistically only 1 in 8 women will get breast cancer and the risk is generally determined by genetics, diet, and lifestyle.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women. in the united states, over 220,000 women will be diagnosed and 40,000 will die each year.
- Explains that cancer is a class of diseases that grow abnormal cells in the body and attack the healthy ones.
- Explains that only 10% of breast cancer patients had a family history of cancer. some patients were smokers or alcoholics, and had metastasized cancer, while others had poor diets and exercised regularly.
- Explains that breast cancer is prevalent in women because breast cells remain immature and highly active until the first full term pregnancy. if a woman abruptly stops breastfeeding, she can create an imbalance of hormones, which could cause cancer.
- Explains that hormones control everything in the body, so it's important to maintain a balanced diet and avoid overly processed foods. melatonin levels are linked to breast cancer.
- Explains that if a malignant tumor is discovered, it will be removed without the removal of the entire breast tissue. however, only 25% of people who have the gene for breast cancer actually develop it.
- Explains that there are many myths surrounding breast cancer, such as that a mammogram can cause cancer to spread due to the compression of the breast.
847 wordsRead More - Cancer Chemotherapy Essayexplanatory essayCancer Chemotherapy and Personalized Medicine Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. It is known to promote the harboring of accumulated genetic alterations in normal host cells, which then promote cancerous growth. Cancer chemotherapy attempts to eradicate or functionally disable tumor cells by the use of synthetic and/or natural compounds while preserving normal cells. Chemotherapeutic agents can eliminate tumor cells by direct cytotoxicity, activating host immune response, inhibiting the proliferation processes of tumor cells and inducing apoptosis.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the molecular basis of many pharmacogenetic polymorphisms and how they are relevant to the treatment of human disease.
- Explains that 5-fu, an analogue of uracil, is a prodrug that is converted to 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine monophosphate, which inhibits thymidylate synthase.
- Explains that irinotecan is a prodrug that requires conversion by carboxylesterase to active sn-38, which inhibits topoisomerase i to exert antitumor activity.
- Explains that methotrexate is a folic acid antagonist that is commonly used to treat leukemia, lymphoma, and breast cancer.
- Explains that tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (serm) that acts as an antagonist in the breast and an agonist in bone and uterus.
- Explains that thiopurines are among the most commonly used anticancer drugs. they are converted by enzymes into tgns which are incorporated into dna resulting in an antileukemic effect.
- Explains that cancer treatment is evolving due to the development of molecularly targeted agents and the utilization of pharmacogenomics to identify patients at increased risk for toxicity or may be uniquely responsive to cytotoxic therapies.
2676 wordsRead More