Cancer
Cancer is a broad category of the disease characterized by undefined outgrowth of cells that divide uncontrollably to form nasty tumors within an individual. The cancerous cells causing the tumors grow and divide creating new blood vessels to feed themselves in a process called angiogenesis (Veeratterapillay, 2012). The tumors often spread to other parts of the body swiftly due to the unregulated growth and dividing of the cells through the bloodstream or the lymphatic systems in the body (National Cancer Institute, 2014). These tumors grow relatively, destroy the health tissues in the body, and create interferences creating interferences that alter with normal body functions such as such as the digestive and the nervous system. The most vulnerable parts in the body that can easily beget the tumors include the breasts, lungs, cervices, colon, and rectum. However, not all tumors formed in the body are cancerous but may be resulted from other conditions affecting the body systems (Veeratterapillay, 2012). Such tumors do not spread all over the body since they do not invade the neighboring tissues within the body. These kinds of tumors do not influence the normal functioning of the body systems and are not harmful to the body.
During the initial stages of cancer, it is difficult to detect physical symptoms and thus requires the undertaking of various screening tests to establish the presence of the cancerous cells within the body. Symptoms associated with cancer vary and are dependent on the body part affected by the cancerous cells and the magnitude of the tumors (Chan, 2013). In case of breast cancer, the symptoms are felt and seen as lumps while in oral cancer, the symptoms are characterized by the presence of white ...
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...y by weakening the body cells. Another treatment method for cancer is using immunotherapy, which targets the body immunization systems that contribute to the fighting of medical conditions (Chan, 2013). Immunotherapy methods translate to the injection of chemicals into the affected systems in the body. This is to boost the bodily immunity as that may contribute to increased ejection of the cancerous cells in the body (Costa‐Requena, 2013). Another common treatment plan for cancer is using gene therapy. However, this treatment plan is used in cases where cancer occurs due to the genetic combination meaning that it is inherited (Costa‐Requena, 2013). The focus is to replace the depleted genes that contribute to cancer in the body with genes that work and promote regular bodily functions. This contributes to the removal of the cancerous cells in the body.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cancer is a broad category of the disease characterized by undefined outgrowth of cells that divide uncontrollably to form nasty tumors within an individual.
- Explains that the symptoms associated with cancer vary depending on the body part affected by the cancerous cells and the magnitude of the tumors.
- Explains that cancer is one of the major causes of deaths in the world amongst men and women.
- Explains that cancerous cells can affect any system within the body regardless of importance in bodily functions.
- Explains that the method of treatment for cancer depends on the type of cancer and the stage of the cancer in the body.
- Explains that chemotherapy is a treatment method that is used in the treatment of cancer.
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- The Connection between Diet and Cancercomparative essayCancer is a disease that can affect many different body parts. But no matter which body part is affected, cancer always involves cells that, due to various causes, go through genetic changes such that they start to proliferate wildly. In most forms of cancer the expanding masses of cells form tumors that eventually push against and invade neighboring tissue, disrupting body systems. In the course of time they may metastasize, travel via the blood or lymph to another part of the body where they set up new colonies that in turn grow and invade tissue. Even though terminal diseases such as cancer rely on genetic factors, a healthy diet can be designed specifically for preventing disease and effectively implemented into a person's lifestyle and should therefore be utilized by everyone who wishes to decrease his or her odds of promoting cancer.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cancer involves cells that, due to various causes, go through genetic changes such that they proliferate wildly. a healthy diet can be designed specifically for preventing disease and effectively implemented into a person's lifestyle.
- Explains that certain foods promote different cancers in different parts of the body.
- Recommends eating at least five to nine servings of fruits and vegetables a day, which are rich in antioxidants and phytochemicals.
- Explains that the cabbage family, kale, and collardsis are rich in anti-cancer phytochemicals, such as genistein, which has enough biochemical similarity to estrogen to lock out the "bad" estrogen.
- Suggests that a diet high in antioxidants may protect against skin cancer — melanoma patients had significantly lower blood levels of vitamin e and beta-carotene than did people without it.
- Explains that an anti-cancer diet is low in fats and animal foods and high in a variety of grains and vegetables, providing an array of immunity-enhancing nutrients.
- Explains that cancer is the most feared and deadly disease known to mankind. there is an undeniable, controllable connection between diet and cancer.
- Suggests that an anti-cancer diet should stay clear of meat at all costs and include the following.
1534 wordsRead More - Cancer Classification Essayexplanatory essayCancer has become leading cause of death across world in the class of non-communicable diseases. This has led to massive research in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Diagnosis of cancer in early stages could prevent its spread to other organs of the body and possible cure of the patient. More and more different types of cancers are being identified and mostly they have to be treated differently. Cancer classification plays a very important role in cancer diagnosis. Earlier strategies used for cancer classification: morphological and clinical had some limitations. They were not able to predict cancer subtypes accurately. It has been identified that giving treatment according to the tumor type is more effective for the patients. Tumors of a particular type of cancer differ at the molecular level, i.e. the genetic level.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cancer has become the leading cause of death in the class of non-communicable diseases, leading to massive research in cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
- Explains that the introduction of dna microarrays in early 2000s played a pivotal role in research on cancer classification.
- Explains that dna is the reason for difference between bacteria and a complex human being as it is different for every type of cell.
- Explains that the genome of a living thing is its entire dna sequence. each cell in human body except the red blood cells has entire genome.
531 wordsRead More - Cancer Essayexplanatory essayCancer can develop anywhere in the body. Cells grow abnormally and become cancerous because of environmental factors, such as smoking cigarettes and exposure to radiation; genetics, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and even just luck (Stern et al., 2004). Even though genetics play the primary role in the development of cancer, the environment in which one lives also contributes to the chances of getting cancer. Some of the environmental factors that influence the development of cancer include alcohol use, obesity, asbestos, HIV, and Down’s syndrome.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that although chemotherapy can effectively control cancer, it isn't a cure: it can cure some cancers such as hodgkin's disease, burkitt’s lymphoma,
- Explains that black people are genetically predisposed to cancer, despite the higher incidence of cancer in white people. these differences are related to socio-economic factors such as access to health care and treatment.
- Explains that lung cancer is the second leading cancer in men and the sixth common cancer among women in south africa. tobacco smoking increases the risk of getting cancer with the amount of tobacco smoked.
- Explains that stomach cancer starts in the inner layer cells called the mucosa and spreads through the other layers of the stomach as it grows.
- Explains that liver cancer is an infection-related cancer that is especially common in developing countries.
- Explains that colon cancer occurs when a cancerous growth forms on the inside wall of the colon. it is widespread in men and women in south africa.
- Explains that breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women around the world, accounting for 14% of the total cancer deaths in 2008.
- Explains that chemotherapy is a systemic therapy that uses medicine to weaken and destroy all cancer cells in the body. it can also harm healthy cells that divide quickly, such as those that cause hair growth.
- Explains that radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells. the radiation may be delivered by a machine located outside the body, or it may come from radioactive material.
- Explains that surgery is used to prevent, treat, stage and diagnose cancer. it removes tumors or as much of the cancerous tissue as possible.
- Explains that cancer can develop anywhere in the body because of environmental factors, such as smoking, radiation, genetics, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and luck.
- Opines that cancer is a humiliating and punishing disease as its treatments often deny people of the organs that give them their gender-identity, their sense of wholeness, and beauty.
- Explains that two thirds of all cancers can be prevented by smoking, limiting exposure to toxic substances, and eating certain foods. early stages of cancer may be pain-free, but not all patients experience pain.
- Explains that agitation, withdrawal, non-engagement with the doctor and unrealistic expectations about treatment are predictors of poor psychosocial adjustment to therapy.
- Explains that tailored counseling is effective with regard to distress, self-concept, locus of control, fatigue, and sexual problems, while structured counseling showed positive effects in treating depression.
- Explains that herbal medicine has become a subject of global importance, having an effect on world health and international trade.
2414 wordsRead More - Cancer Essayexplanatory essayDefinition of cancer. Cancer is a wide range of diseases which form a subset of Neoplasm. A tumor is a group of Neoplasm that have undergone unregulated growth. Neoplasm serves no physiological function and will often form a lump.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cancer is a subset of neoplasm, which has undergone unregulated growth. cancer can result by genetic that are inherited from ancestors.
- Explains that a tumor's impacting potential determines whether it is benign or malignant, whereas metastatic tumors can influence nearby sites.
- Explains that a diagnosis is the development of the infection and what it reflects is evidence. a prognosis is based on the information the diagnosis provides, which provides essential information about the treatment.
- Explains metastasis, where tumors spread from one infected area in the body to another. the cancer cells travel through the blood, the lymph, or directly access areas via body cavities.
- Explains that cancer signs and symptoms are quite different and depend on where is the cancer located, how deep it has spread, and what is size of the tumor.
- Explains that cancer is formed by a mutation in cells. stem cells divide to produce more cells called progenitor cells and transition into differentiated cells with specific functions.
665 wordsRead More - Cancer Chemotherapy Essayexplanatory essayCancer Chemotherapy and Personalized Medicine Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. It is known to promote the harboring of accumulated genetic alterations in normal host cells, which then promote cancerous growth. Cancer chemotherapy attempts to eradicate or functionally disable tumor cells by the use of synthetic and/or natural compounds while preserving normal cells. Chemotherapeutic agents can eliminate tumor cells by direct cytotoxicity, activating host immune response, inhibiting the proliferation processes of tumor cells and inducing apoptosis.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the molecular basis of many pharmacogenetic polymorphisms and how they are relevant to the treatment of human disease.
- Explains that 5-fu, an analogue of uracil, is a prodrug that is converted to 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine monophosphate, which inhibits thymidylate synthase.
- Explains that irinotecan is a prodrug that requires conversion by carboxylesterase to active sn-38, which inhibits topoisomerase i to exert antitumor activity.
- Explains that methotrexate is a folic acid antagonist that is commonly used to treat leukemia, lymphoma, and breast cancer.
- Explains that tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (serm) that acts as an antagonist in the breast and an agonist in bone and uterus.
- Explains that thiopurines are among the most commonly used anticancer drugs. they are converted by enzymes into tgns which are incorporated into dna resulting in an antileukemic effect.
- Explains that cancer treatment is evolving due to the development of molecularly targeted agents and the utilization of pharmacogenomics to identify patients at increased risk for toxicity or may be uniquely responsive to cytotoxic therapies.
2676 wordsRead More - Lung Cancer Essayexplanatory essayThe leading cause of death in America is lung cancer. Lung cancer is ranked top 10 fatal cancers in the United States. There are many types of ways to get lung cancer. There is radon gas it occurs outdoors naturally. Then there is second hand smoke that comes from other people smoking. People are even getting lung cancer from cancer causing agents, this happens from carcinogens. You can also get it from air pollution indoors and outdoors. Also there are gene-mutations that form cancer causing cells. Then there is the one everyone blamed lung cancer is smoking.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that lung cancer is the leading cause of death in america. it is ranked top 10 fatal cancers in the united states.
- Explains that lung cancer dates back to 1761 when it was called disease. in 1878 only 1% of the populations were thought to have it. fritz lickint was the first to tell the public about the dangers of smoking.
- Explains that the surgeon general of the us made the recommendation that people should stop smoking to improve their health and wellbeing. in 1950, scientists introduced radical radiotherapy to reduce the size of cancerous cells.
- Explains that radon gas was found in the 1870s, when some scientists were mining for ore in ore mountains in schneeberg, saxony.
- Explains that radon is harmless in small amounts but sometimes becomes concentrated in homes built on soil with natural uranium deposits. radon kills 21,000 a year, more than drunk driving.
- Explains that second hand smoking is when smoke from tobacco or when you or someone else exhale smoke. there are over 7,000 chemicals, including hundreds that are toxic and about 70 that can cause cancer.
- Explains that secondhand smoke causes health issues with children under the age of 18 such as ear infections, asthma attacks, respiratory infections and a greater risk of sudden infant death. adults who have never smoked it can cause lung cancer or cardiovascular disease.
- Explains that asbestos, diesel exhaust, and other carcinogens have decreased over the years due to the government and industry protecting the workers. limit your exposure whenever possible.
- Explains that the iarc evaluated more than 1,000 studies and concluded that increased exposure to outdoor air pollution increases the risk of lung cancer.
- Explains that some of the risk factors for lung cancer can cause changes in the dna of lung cells, which can lead to not normal cell growth and cancer.
720 wordsRead More - Lung Cancer Essayexplanatory essayDiagnosed with lung cancer, now what!? Time to do some research. Lung cancer is the number one cause of deaths in males and females. The causes, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer have advanced recently with new technology available to scientists and the medical profession. Lung cancer develops when the cells grow abnormally and tumors form instead of healthy lung tissue. It can take place in one or both lungs, normally the cells that line the air passages. Not all tumors are cancerous, the ones that do not spread are benign tumors. The more tumors that develop in the lungs will cause the lungs to work less efficiently. The metastatic tumors spread to other parts of the body passing through the blood stream or lymphatic system.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that non-small cell lung cancer is diagnosed by examining the patient, and staging is done to determine how far advanced it is and if it's metastasized.
- Explains that chemotherapy has been the norm to treat small cell lung cancer, but the article notes that normally a few months later cancer returns, which is why the survival rate of those diagnosed is only about 6% to live longer than five years.
- States that alberg, a. j, brock, m. v., ford, j. g, samet, and spivack, s.
- States new, i. n., “ct screening for lung cancer: diagnoses resulting from the new york early lung
- Describes parsons, daley, begh, and aveyard's influence of smoking.
- Describes tsou, j. a., hagen, john, carpenter, and laird-offringa, i.
- Explains that lung cancer is the number one cause of deaths in males and females. it develops when the cells grow abnormally and tumors form instead of healthy lung tissue.
- Concludes that if one stopped smoking after the diagnosis of early stage lung cancer, the prognosis was much better than those that continued to smoke.
- Explains that non-small cell lung cancer has been broken down into smaller units, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma.
1860 wordsRead More - Leukemia Essayexplanatory essayLeukemia What is Leukemia? Leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells. It begins in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside the bones. Within the bone marrow is where white blood cells are created, that help fight off bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms within the body that cause infections.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that leukemia begins in the bone marrow, where white blood cells fight off bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms within the body that cause infections.
- Describes the common symptoms of leukemia.
- Explains that leukemia doesn't have stages to track its progression like most cancers. it's the only type of the disease that can be set on a standard staging system.
- Opines that no one can explain the causes of the disease, although research has some risk factors of patients who are more likely to get it.
- Explains that most people with leukemia do not have the known risk factors of getting it. a risk factor is anything that raises your chance in getting the disease.
- Explains that acute lymphoblastic leukemia affects the blood cells and immune system, and recommends getting treatment as soon as possible.
- Explains blood tests and bone marrow tests, which are commonly used for cll.
- Explains that chemotherapy is used to fight cancer. it is usually used for acute leukemia.
944 wordsRead More - Leukemia Essayexplanatory essayThe emphasis on health and fitness has become paramount in our society today in an effort to prevent and combat diseases such as Cancers. Cancers are a group of over 100 diseases that affects every aspect of the human system from skin, to bones, to muscles, to blood. One of the most common blood disorders is Leukemia. As defined by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft tissue in the center of the bone that is responsible for the production of blood cells. The term leukemia means white blood. The term leukocytes refer to white blood cells, which are body’s defense against infections and other foreign substances. When Leukemia occurs there is an uncontrolled increase in the number of white blood cells. When this occurs, these cancerous cells inhibit the production of healthy red blood cells, platelets, and mature white blood cells. Over time the cancerous cells can spread to the bloodstream and lymph nodes. They can also travel to the Central Nervous System and the rest of the body.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that acute lymphocytic leukemia (all) is the most common in young children but can also occur in adults.
- Explains that aml is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults.
- Explains that chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll) affects adults, and the patient feels well for years without needing treatment.
- Explains that the mayo clinic outlines the common treatments used to fight leukemia.
- Explains that the emphasis on health and fitness has become paramount in our society in an effort to prevent and combat diseases such as cancers.
- Explains that chronic myelogenous leukemia (cml) mainly affects adults.
- Opines that the nursing staff should be able to explain the diagnosis and prognosis of a leukemic patient.
1599 wordsRead More - Leukemia Essayexplanatory essayAcute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults. AML is a heterogeneous disease which results from genetic alterations in normal hematopoietic stem cells. These alterations induce differentiation arrest and/or excessive proliferation of abnormal leukemic cells or blasts [1]. Recent genomic studies have identified that recurrent somatic mutations in patients with AML blocks differentiation and/or enhance self-renewal by altered transcription factors [2,3]. The genetic or the epigenetic changes acquired by AML cells disrupt the key growth regulatory pathways and changes will make the normal cells to attain certain malignant characteristics which include inappropriate proliferation in the absence of normal growth signals, indefinite self-renewal in a manner analogous to a stem cell, escape from programmed cell death, inhibition of differentiation, aberrant cell cycle checkpoint control and genomic instability [4].
In this essay, the author
- Explains that acute myeloid leukemia (aml) is a heterogeneous disease that results from genetic alterations in normal hematopoietic stem cells.
- Explains that aml is the most common form of acute leukemia among adults, and accounts for the largest number of annual deaths in the united states.
- Explains that most cases of aml are sporadic, characterized by acquisition of somatic mutations in hematopoietic progenitors that confer a proliferative and/or survival advantage.
- Explains that exposure to a variety of environmental agents has been implicated in the pathogenesis of aml. ionizing radiation and alkylating agents induce dna, usually by inducing double-strand breaks that may result in point mutations or genomic deletions.
- Explains that familial aml is a rare type of inherited leukemia that is transmitted by non-sex chromosome in dominant fashion. genetic conditions, such as fanconi anaemia, can increase the risk.
- Explains that certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other cancers are considered leukemia risk factors. there is an increased incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome (mds) and aml in patients who receive conventional chemotherapy.
- Explains that several hematologic disorders increase the risk of development of aml. patients with mds have a relatively high risk, but lower risk among patients with myeloproliferative diseases.
- Explains that two systems have been used to classify aml — the french-american-british classification and the newer world health organization classification.
- Explains that in the 1970s, a group of french, american, and british leukemia experts divided acute myeloid lesions into subtypes m0 through m7 based on the type of cell from which they developed.
- Explains that both disease-specific and individual patient factors are taken into consideration while deciding treatment. karyotype analysis by cytogenetics was the single most important prognostic factor for predicting remission rate,
- Explains that aml treatment can be broadly divided into induction chemotherapy and post-remission (or consolidation) therapy.
- Explains that bone marrow aspirate must have 5% blasts, no auer rods or persistence of extramedullary disease.
- Explains that multiple (3–4) cycles of high-dose cytarabine (hidac) therapy (3g/m2) have been the standard consolidation regimen for patients younger than 60 years with either good- or intermediate-risk cytogenetics.
- Explains that ara-c, a deoxycytidine analogue in combination with daunorubicin, is the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of aml.
- Explains the mechanism of action of ara-c parallels that of the anti-metabolite gemcitabine, effective against a wide range of solid tumors.
- Explains that deoxycytidine kinase is a pyrimidine salvage enzyme involved in the phosphorylation of the arac to ara-ctp.
- Explains that hent1 is responsible for up to 80% of ara-c influx into human leukemic cells. lower expression correlates with a decreased drug response.
- Explains that cytosolic 5’-nucleotidase ii (nt5c2), also known as cn-ii, is responsible for the inactivation of nuclearside analogue chemotherapy drugs.
- Explains that cytidine deaminase is the predominat inactivating enzyme in the ara-c metabolic pathway.
- Explains that nucleoside efflux transporters are shown to influence ara-c metabolism and transport. multidrug resistant transporter 8 (mrp8), also known as abcc11, is involved in the eutrophication of monophosphate metabolites.
- Explains that de-novo nucleotide biosynthesis pathway crosstalks with ara-c activation pathway through the enzyme ribonuclease (rr). low rrm1 mrna expression levels were associated with significantly longer median survival.
- Explains that ionizing radiation used in the treatment of malignancies such as hodgkin lymphoma has also been linked to the development of aml.
- Explains that familial leukemia may occur in the context of a clinical syndrome or as an isolated leucemia-predisposition trait not specifically associated with co-morbid conditions.
- Explains who criteria for myeloid neoplasms apply to initial diagnostic peripheral blood (pb) and bone marrow (bm) specimens obtained prior to any definitive therapy for suspected hematologic
- Explains the backbone of induction therapy: combination chemotherapy with cytarabine and anthracycline. the goal is to reduce the number of leukemia cells and achieve a complete remission.
2552 wordsRead More