INTRODUCTION
The project was about calculating the major and minor head losses. In the first experiment, it investigate the minor head loss through pipes of different diameter and roughness, also through elbows. The experiment was about obtaining two different pressures at point 1 and 2 so we can obtain the difference in pressure so we can calculate the friction that is also present in Darcie's equation of head loss. However, in the second experiment, the purpose was to calculate the major losses from both laminar and turbulent flow. The point was to find the friction factor that is also present in Darcie's equation. Moreover, these experiments determines several other factors like the Reynolds number which is also essential in Darcie’s equation. The friction factor was also determined using two other equations taking into consideration whether the flow is laminar or turbulent according to the calculated Reynolds number. In addition the results were summarized in a table and two graphs that show the delta H verses Re and f verses Re. The importance of this project is to obtain the results of the friction factors and to compare between the 2 consequences and see the difference and the error.
Thus in this report we will introduce the procedure of the 2 experiments and how it was done to obtain the outcome. After reading the two pressures, calculations must be done to reach our goal from calculating the velocity, the Reynolds number to reach the friction factors, assumptions may be taken to facilitate our calculation. Finally, after reaching our goals discussion and conclusion will be taken into consideration to clarify the results.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Experiment 1:
The test performed on the head loss investigation was accompl...
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...d the head loss. These values will be show in table 4.1 through 4.4 ( Appendix A).
Experiment 2:
The test performed on a laminar and turbulent flow, consist of connecting the power cable to the panel then open the valve and start the pump managing the gravity by selecting the adjusting the specific valve. After that, flow rate must be adjusted to recorded the head loss. this procedure must be repeated for many values taken. This experiment must be done through two valves V2 and V3. Like the previous experiment different pressure must be read so we can calculate the head loss ∆h and the Reynolds number Re= VD/υ ( where V is the flow velocity, D the pipe diameter and υ the kinematic viscosity (m2/s)). After obtaining the calculation, the flow must be specifies as turbulent or laminar so that the friction can be obtained. Results will be shown in table 5 ( Appendix A).
Working: when water ingression occurs in stern tube some kind of bio-lubricants can absorb any sea or fresh water entering the tube and form a stable emulsion thereby reduci...
Laminar flow creates much less shear stress than turbulent flow at the same velocity because there is no swirling or random motion.
... this experiment, the shape of the wake behind the cylinder was determined and the water tunnel was calibrated. The conclusions are listed below:
Question: Discuss the importance of Relief Valves in the unit operations in detail, and give the design criteria/ parameters/ models available equations in the literature. Support your work by giving a typical example from the literature.
The flow resistance and the resistance of the turbine blades. The flow resistance is much smaller than in the PRR.
The Hazen-Williams formul was used, because it is the most widely used head loss formula. It cannot be used for liquids other than water and was originally developed for turbulent flow only.
(i) Considering the operating life of pumps as the sole factor, the Helico-Axial pumps are the most reliable pumps available in the market today. In at least 5 subsea oil fields globally, Helico Axial pumps have been operating for more than 96 months or 8 years (Figure 4.9), a record unmatched by any other type of pump. The individual failure data not being
Compared to the linear peristaltic pump and rotary peristaltic pump, the 360 degree peristaltic pump runs more slowly at the same performance. As a result, the hoses will have longer lifetime which is economic. Furthermore, the 360 degree peristaltic pump produces less friction due to the unique structure, and therefore less thermal. Especially, the 360 degree peristaltic pump has only a single compression per rotation while the ordinary pumps with numerous shoes or rollers have at least two or more compression per revolution. This means that the design of the 360 degree pump will prolong the lifetime of the tube. At the same size, this design will generate more flow volume (55%) at the same
Above Figure 4 normalized the vertical distribution of concentration for no barrier and different barrier heights by simulated different velocity (3 m/s wind speed, following by 4.0 m/s and 5.0 m/s). At no barrier case, the vertical pressure concentration is increase when the velocity is high. In a barrier case with 6m high, the concentration increase in the vertical lofting at 0-23 Y when the velocity is high and start to decrease when it mix with the clean air above the road and start to reduce the concentration. In Figure 4c, with presence of higher roadside barrier the maximum concentration to occur on and the upper level concentration is higher with bigger velocity. However, the barrier height and absolute concentration is effect with increasing velocity.
The distances on the inclined plane (s1 = 1.5m) and tabletop (s2 = 4.0m) were chosen to make the error margin smaller. By making these distances longer, the affect of friction was larger; however this effect is relatively small. Shorter distances would have resulted in large error margins; therefore it was beneficial to have longer inclined plane and tabletop distances.
This involves relating total head, horsepower input, efficiency, and NPSH as a function of pumping capacity (in gpm), similar to Figure 3-36A (Lab Manual).
Walsh, P. P., & Fletcher, P. (2004). Gas turbine performance (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
A cascade is defined as an infinite row of equidistant similarly aerofoil bodies. The cascade is used to divert a flow stream with a minimal loss. The flow over an axial cascade presents a complicated intra blade fluid dynamic interaction that causes the flow to behave differently than the flow over a single aerofoil blade. The cascade is used to divert a flow stream with a minimal loss. It forms the basic block for the design and development of turbomachinery, particularly the axial compressor and axial turbine. The turbine usually shows tolerance to the blade design and alignment errors because blades of a turbine stage perform under a favorable pressure gradient whereas compressor blades are prone to aerodynamic losses because these have
For the divergent flow, the apparatus is placed in a revised manner. According to the experiment results, the higher the dynamic head, the lower the static head.
Suction and lift are paramount contemplations when pumping liquids. Suction is the vertical separation between the liquid to be pumped and the core of the pump, while lift is the vertical separation between the pump and the conveyance point. The profundity from which a hand pump will suck is restricted by air weight to a working profundity of less than 7 meters. The depth to which a hand pump will lift is administered by the capacity of the pump and the driver to lift the weight in t...