2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 2.1. RAW MATERIAL 2.1.1. Cacao Pod Husk Cacao pod husk is the main waste product produced during the removal of cacao beans (approximately 10% of the cacao pod) that is used for cocoa production. It is about 70 to 75% of the whole weight of the pod that generally thrown and disposed in the plantation. According to Krishna (2014), it makes up about 3/4 of the yield of cacao pod processing per each ton, or, for each ton of dry beans produced generates ten tons of cacao pod husk (Vriesmann et al., 2012). Furthermore, Nfor et al. (2008) stated that the pod husks create environmental issues due to disposal management yet shows potential as cellulosic biomass source (Daud et al., 2013). 2.1.2. Period …show more content…
On the other hand, cacao pod husks were also used as a fertilizer. However, according to Cruz P. (1997), cacao pod husks cannot be used directly as fertilizers because of their very low N-P-K level, high cellulose and lignin contents, low carbon-nitrogen ratios, and high toxic organic chemical. Aside from this uses, cacao pod husks are used as charcoal. But, due to high ash content of CPH, the higher heating value (HHV) of the biomass is decreased. It also prevents combustion process since oxygen cannot easily penetrate the ash to burn the CPH. Likewise, high moisture content in CPH will also decrease the HHV, thus reduces the conversion efficiency due to large amount of energy to be used in vaporizing its moisture. Furthermore, the high ash and moisture content of CPH can also cause combustion, ignition, and flame stability
al. 1996). this dense produce is more thermally unbalanced than mulch or coal, mainly as of grass biomass. Little warming degrees and extensive residence eras will decrease the reactivity of the burn. On the other hand, great heating rates give to upsurge the reactivity of the subsequent char, creating it advanced appropriate for more thermal usage for example gasification or combustion (Hallgren, et. al. 1996).
Andrew Hazen is the official recycling technician at Keurig’s roasting facility in Washington. He is on a mission to see how much of the trash at this location can be given a second chance. The general trash he is referring to is wood, paper, scrap metal, cardboard, paper filters, shrink wrap, and plastic banding. Hazen is proven to satisfy these efforts in a recent change at their facility. The coffee beans transported to the Washington roasting facility are always transported in bags made of 100% burlap because the material protects the beans while still allowing air to circulate. Hazen wondered what could be done with the thousands of burlap bags that come through their doors each month, rather than tossing them out. After some research, he found that farms use this material for sheet mulching and erosion control. In addition, a nearby wetland restoration project said they could use the bags to stop the growth of invasive species. Although Hazen was proud to help the farms and wetland restoration project, he still had several bags he could donate to help others. He was most proud when he learned the bags can be used to help the damages from Seattle’s rainy weather. A local landscaping firm called Rain Dog Designs now uses these recycled burlap bags to create rain gardens that absorb water runoff from paved areas. The burlap bag example is just one of many that Keurig Green Mountain facilities do to help reduce, reuse, and recycle as much as possible for a better world. (Our Stories,
Welcome to the 2015 coffee bean bonanza. In the blue corner we have the territorial, greedy, selfish Coffee Addicts! And in the red corner we have the compromising, understanding, courteous everyday people!
Defining the major sources of solid waste for KC begins by reviewing the solid waste produced in their manufacturing processes worldwide, since this contributes to the highest output of solid waste and environmental waste. The waste to landfill ratio for KC, still ranks high among EPA and other environmental standards, this is due to process manufacturing of paper products. This method has been in existence in the paper industry since the late 1870‘s, which required large amounts of electricity and water during process manufacturing. Through the year’s newer machines, new efficiency standards, and conservation programs began to be, implemented for KC and other manufacturers worldwide, due to growing environmental concerns, and global warming. However the high demand for forest products, pulp, recycled fibers, energy, and water could not be greater, therefore the process used to produce these products had to change because of the high volume of waste originally destine to landfills, which is now being diverted from the same landfills. Thanks to the efforts of consumers, EPA and hundreds of GRI and ISO standards now within the manufacturing industry.
In Thailand, fruit bundles have to be transported from the plantation to the mills and refineries, which are located in Krabi province. The Thailand government is using palm oil biodiesel to become more sustainable. They are trying to reduce the dependence on import and to improve energy security in the country. After analyzing the life cycle production of methyl ester, it was found that the three major energy consumptions is transportation, fertilizer, and methanol. There should be a reduction in the amount of fertilizer. Biodiesel should be used instead of diesel and fossil fuels, which are often used, for a more environmental friendly way. There should be non-fossil fuels to produce methanol. There should be efficient utilization of co-products, including fibers and shells to improve overall energy output (Pleanjai and
The current use of energy in the United States, especially California, is foreshadowing catastrophe in our environment. Due to high demand of fossil fuels, the air is filled with more pollution every day. In addition to, it can increase the chances of having global warming. Since fossil fuels are generated from raw materials which are easy and cheap users are becoming extremely dependent on them. The main problem with fossil energy is that the supply of fossil fuels is not continuous. However, alternative energy is continual and harmless to the environment. Biomass does not pollute the atmosphere as much as natural gas. One of the most convenient alternative energies that are currently used for minor purposes is biomass. From the significant results of recent and past use of biomass, it can be considered trustworthy as the main source of energy in the future.
Cocoa solids are valuable for their flavanol antioxidants and alkaloids which have physiological effects on the body and influence the levels of serotonin in the body meaning that they simply bring the perception of “happiness”. Chocolate is one of the most popular foods in the world and is applied widely in the food industry.
In commercial processing, the burning takes place in large concrete or steel silos with very little oxygen, and stops before it all turns to ash. It is said that the “procedure leaves black lumps and powder which is about 25% of the original weight. When ignited, the carbon in charcoal merges with oxygen and forms carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, other gases, and significant quantities of energy.” It packs more potential energy per ounce than raw wood. Stated by Goldwyn that the char combust steadily, hot and it produces less smoke and lesser unhazardous
“The fuel is produced in a thermal/mechanical processor called a biomass fractionator. In a matter of minutes, the fractionator converts biomass like crop residues, algae, soft wood chips and rapid growth crops like switchgrass into multiple gas streams and into biochar. The gas can be upgraded to gasoline In a one-step catalytic conversion process.” (Rocke 1). The idea of this fuel source is also very cheap. It runs for about $1.50 per gallon. Finally, the use of Biochar can be shipped at in gallon tanks very easily. Aside from the cost and shipping efficiency, ‘According to one prominent study (Woolf et al, 2010), sustainable biochar implementation could offset a maximum of 12% of anthropogenic GHG emissions on an annual basis. Over the course of 100 years, this amounts to a total of roughly 130 petagrams (106 metric tons) of CO2-equivalents. The study assessed the maximum sustainable technical potential utilizing globally available biomass from agriculture and forestry. The study assumed no land clearance or conversion from food to biomass-crops (though some dedicated biomass-crop production on degraded, abandoned agricultural soils was included), no utilization of industrially treated waste biomass, and biomass extraction rates that would not result in soil erosion” (International Biochar Initiative
The fatty acid profile of cocoa and dark chocolate is a excellent source of nutrition.
Once in charcoal form it is then crushed into a fine powder and heated at a very high temperature, a temperature that cannot be achieved by an open fire such as a campfire. Once heated it is then exposed to argon and nitrogen gasses. Finally, the charcoal is exposed to oxygen and steam which further opens up millions of tiny pores.
...ch is used to replace natural gas. He also stated that, among the equipment used to burn the biofuel, the suspension burner have the ability to exceed 99% efficiency and whole-tree burner can reduce the cost of harvesting and handling woody fuels by about 35% (Brown, 2003). Moreover, the usage of bio-energy in long term is to provide a degree of ecological balance and climate change, avoid acid rain, reduce soil erosion and minimize water pollution (Gevorkian, 2007). Therefore, biomass is environmental friendly like solar energy. Based on the research that has been carried out regarding the synthesis of gas from biomass, the gas gasifies in the internal combustion engine. The relative energy density of synthesis gas is higher than the fossil fuel under certain conditions. In addition, the relative flame speed of synthesis gas can reduce the time for spark ignition.
Central Idea: Explain how cocoa beans are processed to produce the chocolate we all know and love
...huge global problem, caused by human waste, but which can be solved by going green and reducing human impact on the environment.
Cocoa butter has a cocoa flavor and aroma. Cocoa butter is obtained from whole cocoa beans, which are fermented, roasted, and then separated. Chocolate liquor is pressed to separate the cocoa butter from the cocoa solids. The Broma process is used to extract cocoa butter from ground cocoa beans. Fourth, hazelnut is the nut of the hazel and therefore includes any of the nuts deriving from species of the genus Corylus, especially the nuts of the species Corylus avellana. It also is known as cobnut or filbert nut according to species. The nut happens to falls out of the husk when ripe, around 7 to 8 months after pollination. The kernel of the seed is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin, which sometimes is removed before cooking. Fifth, Skimmed milk, or skim milk, is made when all the cream is removed from whole milk. It tends to contain around 0.1% fat. Traditionally, the fat was removed naturally from milk due to gravity. The quicker, modernized way of making low-fat and skim milks is to place the whole milk into a machine called a centrifugal separator, which spins some or all of the fat globules out of the milk. Skimmed milk is composed of choline, fatty acids, glycerol,