The input/output (I/O) interface, bus structures, microprocessor, memories and peripherals (also known as external or I/O devices) are the major components of a computer system. These components constantly trade information and instructions to complete assigned operations. With the exception of the peripherals, the ongoing communication between components is conducted within the system through interconnections or paths called buses.Peripherals such as keyboards, add-in cards (including frame grabbers), monitors, modems and printers are alternatively connected to the system through the I/O interface. The I/O connection features a communication line to send and receive data between the system and peripherals.
Figure 1 illustrates the standard microprocessor-based PC architecture outlined above. Note: the peripherals' link to the system through the I/O interface rather than directly through the system's host bus.The primary purpose of a system's host bus is to connect components and allow them to communicate. To achieve this, the host bus is composed of three types of communication lines. An address bus is a one-way path that allows the microprocessor to specify which of the various locations in the memories and in the I/O interface it is accessing. Using this path, the microprocessor can select a memory address from which to acquire or in which to store data. The CPU also queries the I/O interface and devices using the address bus to specify input and output locations.
A data bus carries the actual data between the microprocessor, memories and the I/O interface. Because the data bus is bidirectional, information can be both sent and received on these lines. A control bus handles the arbitration and differentiation between data coming in and data going out of different components by transmitting read, write and other control signals.In evaluating bus architecture, our primary concern is with transfers occurring on the data bus. The data bus is responsible for moving the bulk of information that travels through a system. And the data bus design ultimately determines how efficiently that data will flow.
Defining features of the data bus include the size or bandwidth of the bus, the speed of the bus, and the location of the bus within the system. It helps to think of the data bus as a gateway through which a certain amount of information can pass.
A bus is a communication system that connects multiple subsystems within a computer. An average computer system normally consists of several components such as a central processing unit, memory devices, and input/output (I/O) devices. The bus system consists of linking media like wires and connectors, and a bus protocol. Buses can be categorized as serial or parallel and synchronous or asynchronous. The bus lets the different components communicate with each other by allowing information to flow between units and devices.
OSI – Open Systems Interconnection - is reference model for how applications can communicate over a network. A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.
Introduction The bus loosely defines as a digital path between resources and the processor of computer system. The bus provides an informational gateway or highway of wires, which allow binary signals to transmit to and from peripherals, memory, the central processing unit (CPU), and other components of a computer system. Due to these attributes, bus architecture divided into two major groups, frontside bus and peripheral bus. The frontside bus, also known as the system bus, facilitates all internal communication of binary signals from the CPU to memory and vice versa.
These devices are attached to the motherboard through different connections. The output devices like monitors and printers can be used by a file server to show different files or print hard copies of files. These devices take the data from the computer and put it into a format that users can read and understand. I would like to take a moment here and go over the different kinds of monitors that a person can use as an output device. The first is the regular CRT monitors are heavy and use a lot of electric power to display objects, but are preferred by graphical artist for the color rendition. Then there are the flat panel monitors, which can use liquid Crystal Display (LCD) or a plasma display. These displays use electronically at each pixel to control the color. The input devices like a keyboards and a mouse. These inputs take the movements from the users and turn it into data that the computer can understand. (Beach,
In regards to business practices, incentives are common tool used in negotiations. With that being said, Intel, a technology conglomerate, gave huge incentives to its customers for using computer-chip. Many would argue that Intel was wrong, while others would say Intel business practices were fair game. Below is a detailed report, discussing Intel actions.
Architectural design is important to devise a proper computer-based system and allowing it to function properly. The data flow diagram designed for this essay eventually portrayed the ways through which architectural design can be used to design transform characteristics, safeguarding the computer system by incorporating and using relevant
The microprocessor has changed our lives in so many ways that it is difficult to recall how different things were before its invention. During the 1960's, computers filled many rooms. Their expensive processing power was available only to a few government labs, research universities, and large corporations. Intel was founded on July 18,1968 by engineers, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, Andrew Grove, and Arthur Rock. Rock became Chairman, Moore was President, Noyce was Executive Vice President in charge of product development and worked with Moore on long range planning, and Grove headed manufacturing. The purpose of the new company was to design and manufacture very complex silicon chips using large-scale integration (LSI) technology. Moore and Grove's vision was to make Intel the leader in developing even more powerful microprocessors and to make Intel-designed chips the industry standard in powering personal computers. Moore and Noyce wanted to seek Intel because they wanted to regain the satisfaction of research and development in a small growing company. Although the production of memory chips was starting to become a commodity business in the late 1960's, Moore and Noyce believed they could produce chip versions of their own design that would perform more functions at less cost for the customer and thus offer a premium price. Intel's unique challenge was to make semiconductor memory functional. Semiconductor memory is smaller in size, provides great performance, and reduces energy consumption. This first started when Japanese manufacturer Busicom asked Intel to design a set of chips for a family of high-performance programming calculators. Intel's engineer, Ted Hoff, rejected the proposal and i...
For example, the instruction LOAD (Rauto)+, Ri. This instruction loads register Ri with the operand whose address is the content of register Rauto. After loading the operand into register Ri, the content of register Rauto is incremented, pointing for example to the next item in a list of items. Figure 19 illustrates the autoincrement addressing mode.
When electronic devices transfer information to another electronic device, the devices need to know when data flow is beginning and ending. This is done with signals for synchronization.i
Computers are very complex and have many different uses. This makes for a very complex system of parts that work together to do what the user wants from the computer. The purpose of this paper is to explain a few main components of the computer. The components covered are going to be system units, Motherboards, Central Processing Units, and Memory. Many people are not familiar with these terms and their meaning. These components are commonly mistaken for one and other.
Microprocessors are different to one another according to the manufacturer and technical specifications. The most important technical specifications of microprocessor are the type and processing speed. The type of microprocessor is defined by the internal structure and basic features .The microprocessors communicate with the rest of the system by means of buses. Buses are sets of parallel electronic conductors set of wires or tracks on the circuit board.
Despite its simplicity and reliability the bus network does have several limitations. The cable length of the bus is limited due to data loss. Also, a bus network may have performance issues if the nodes are located a...
In designing a computer system, architects consider five major elements that make up the system's hardware: the arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, memory, input, and output. The arithmetic/logic unit performs arithmetic and compares numerical values. The control unit directs the operation of the computer by taking the user instructions and transforming them into electrical signals that the computer's circuitry can understand. The combination of the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit is called the central processing unit (CPU). The memory stores instructions and data.
Input is really important for the computer. Through this device, users are allows to enter data or instructions into a computer. It changed something on the screen through the response. There are many kinds of input device for users to select depending on their application to get the result they want. There are many input technologies, for example, keyboard, pointing device, trackball, touch screen, touchpads and audio input. These devices can help users to connect with computer system directly.
We all use output devices in our normal day to day life, most of us use them a lot more than we may realize now that we are in school. An output device is any processing equipment used to communicate the results of data carried out by a computer or other processing devices which turns information into an easier form for us to read. (Wikipedia).