The authors of the article are Jesse D. Troy (and the corresponding author), Brenda Diergaarde, Joel L. Weissfeld, Jennifer R. Grandis and Ada O. Youk.
Jesse D. Troy, Brenda Diergaarde and Joel L. Weissfeld work at University of Pittsburgh in the Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health and The Cancer Institute. Jennifer R. Grandis works in the Department of Otolaryngology in University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Ada O. Youk works at the Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health. They are all in the United States (Troy et al, 2013, p. 417)
It is an original research aimed to investigate whether the carcinogenicity of passive smoke experienced through Childhood passive smoke exposure (CPSE) causes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) (p. 417).
The research method involved designing a model to relate CPSE, HNSCC and other factors in individuals’ direct environment that increase the risk of exposure to carcinogens. These confounding factors include the frequency-matched factors (age, sex, race, recruitment period), smoking status, and drinking status. The study considered 858 HNSCC cases (104 being never smokers) and 806 cancer-free controls (415 being never smokers) as the study sample. The participants filled in questionnaire to provide data on demographics, risk factor, their history of CPSE and other lifestyle factors related to HNSCC or cancer (pp. 417-418).
They provided background details such frequency and cigarettes smoked per day by a smoking family member, and duration they were exposed to second hand smoke (SHS) to estimate CPSE. Of 806, 64% of the controls had CPSE and the frequency of CSPE was 73.8%. The model was modified to investig...
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...s. The use of questionnaires to gather risk factor data limits the amount of information collected about CPSE. For example, they observed that sibling smoking was associated with increased risk of HNSCC in never-smokers, but they could not further investigate the effects of their birth order. Lastly, they did not have enough samples of tumors to study the association between HPV and CPSE in oropharyngeal cases (p.421).
From theory, the carcinogenic mechanisms of passive smoke exposure are similar to that of cigarette smoking since the carcinogenic compounds (such as S-NNN) in cigarette do not racemize. The conclusive results indicate that CPSE has a role in HNSCC causation, particularly oropharynx cancer in never-smokers. Hence, smoking households members should avoid smoking in the house to avoid exposing non-smoking members to whatever risks associated with SHS.
According to American Cancer Society, statistic shows over 228,190 new cases of lung cancer are reported yearly, that’s 57% men and 43% women of the pie. The number shows lung cancer is likely happen to men. Also the estimated reported death is 159,480, mostly 54% men and only 46% women. The concern on lung cancer contributes 27% of the cancer death in United States. The contribution of lung cancer plays a big pie on many deaths in American. Also, most of the patients are men. The chance that a man will develop lung cancer in his lifetime is about 1 in 13; for a woman, the risk is about 1 in 16. These numbers include both smokers and non-smokers. For smokers the risk is much higher, while for non-smokers the risk is lower. (Accor...
Siegel, L.J., Brown, P., & Hoffman, R. (2013).CRIM 2nd edition. Toronto, Canada: Nelson Publishers. pp. 203-205
Encyclopaedia of Children’s (2013) stated that smoking is a form of inhalation of smoking from different forms of tobacco which include cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. Cancer Research (2012) and the World Health Organisation (2013) have confirmed that most tobacco products contain very high level of nicotine which can have additive effect and are made from tobacco leaf which are s...
To begin, people can receive certain forms of cancer if they use tobacco products. When discussing health problems of smoking, the author writes, “Smoking harms nearly every organ in the body” (Harms of Smoking and Health Benefits of Quitting). Scientists have conducted research and have concluded that using a tobacco product damages cells. The damaged cells become mutated and form cancer cells. The author goes on to explain, “Among the 250 known harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke, at least 69 can cause cancer” (Harms of Smoking and Health Benefits of Quitting). These harmful chemicals are catalysts for many types of cancer. Some of these toxins include arsenic, carbon monoxide, and lead. When directly consumed, these chemicals are very pernicious, so it is obvious that they can cause diseases like ...
Most everyone knows that tobacco is a factor of cancer. It can cause cancer by changing a gene and causing it to divide uncontrollably, then the unwanted cells spread throughout the body (Elk 45). Smoking alone has caused 30 percent of all cancer deaths. The risk from smoking depends on the kind of cigarettes, how deeply a person breathes in the smoke, and how ...
There are over 7,000 chemicals present in tobacco smoke. Of those over 250 are deemed harmful, and of those 69 are cancer causing. Those cancer causing substances are called carcinogens (Nugel). It is clear that cancer and smoking can be linked. Smoking causes cancer of the lung esophagus, larynx, mouth,...
Processes of exogenous and endogenous are likely to result in mutated genes leading towards cancer. (Schulz 2005, Knowles & Selby 2005). There are three known classifications of carcinogens, which are described to be cancer-causing agents based on the fact that they directly boost effects and thus cause mutations of the alterations already in place. The three classifications include: Chemical carcinogens which can be related to cigarettes and the mutations created as a result of the chemicals involved; Physical carcinogens which involves...
This article hasn’t provided an introduction; however a lengthy summary of the study which identifies the problem, purpose and rationale for the research study has been provided in the background. The introduction should give the reader a general sense of what the document is about, and preferably persuade the reader to continue reading. This prepares the reader for reading the rest of the document (Burns & Grove, 2001 p.636; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002).
Smoking is not only affect for the smoker’s health, but also others around the smoker. People who do not smoke are affect just as much as those who are smoking. Which is due to second hand smoke, as the toxin smoke release in the air. Second hand smoke is harmful to non- smoker and causes more damage to their lung from breathing it. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “When a nonsmoker breathes in secondhand smoke, the body begins to metabolize or break down the nicotine that was in the smoke. During this process, a nicotine byproduct called cotinine is created. Exposure to nicotine and secondhand smoke can be measured by testing saliva, urine, or blood for the presence of cotinine.” According to "Surgeon General Adds To List of Smoking's Harms." “About 20.8 million people in the U.S. have died from smoking-related diseases since then, a toll the report puts at 10 times the number of Americans who have died in all of the nation's wars combined. M...
Abstract is a condensed version of the full report; this was well formulated by using headings instead of single paragraph style, thus looked uncluttered (Macnee, 2004). The purpose had c...
Smoking causes many other types of cancer, including cancers of the throat, mouth, nasal cavity, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidney, bladder, and cervix, and even leukemia has been found linked to smoking. Also, people who smoke are up to six times more likely to suffer a heart attack than nonsmokers, and the risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked. Smoking also causes most cases of chronic obstructive lung disease. Also, approximately 49,400 deaths have been due to exposure to secondhand smoke. 3,000 nonsmoking adults die of diseases caused by exposure to second-hand smoke every year.
Parens, Erik. "Special Supplement: Is Better Always Good? The Enhancement Project." Hastings Center Report 28.1 (1998): s1-s17. Web. 1 Apr 2011. .
As most of you know, smoking is bad for your health, but what some of you might not know is that you don’t actually have to smoke to be harmed by smoking. Lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women, is mainly caused by cigarette smoking. Secondhand smoking causes approximately 2 percent of lung cancer deaths each year. It causes respiratory disease, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), middle ear disease, and asthma attacks in children.
Nicotine is the chemical in tobacco that most impacts the brain and provides near instantaneous feelings of pleasure associated with smoking. People who smoke usually have ruff skin or other things that are wrong with them. Tar will also stain smoker’s fingers, their teeth, and collects in their lungs (Eshrick 32). Lung cancer is the most common cancers that most people have. Studies have proven that one out of every four people die from lung cancer, and ninety percent of cancer is caused by tobacco use (Eshrick 62). Bladder cancer may occur when smokers inhale some of the carcinogens in tobacco smoke are absorbed from the lungs and get into the blood, then filtered by the kidneys and concentrated into the urine. If the victim smokes more than twenty cigarettes a day it can double the risk of the most common type of kidney cancer (Eshrick 55). The last cancer is cervical cancer, the chemicals damage the cervix. There are cells in the lining of the cervix called Langerhans cells that specifically help fight against diseases. These cells do not work well in smokers (Eshrick
Scientists and health officials have been arguing the detrimental effects smoking has on our health for many years. Smoking can lead to serious complications including asthma, pancreas, lung and stomach cancer due to the large number of carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals) and other various substances added to it. It is a health hazard for both smokers and non-smokers and it is especially harmful to unborn babies. Although smokers claim that it helps them to relax and release stress, the negative aspects of the habit take over the positive. As it has been stressed by the scientists and experts, there are some very severe reasons of smoking but its crucial consequences should also be taken into consideration.