The human body is naturally susceptible to injury in everyday living environments, and is more prominently susceptible in sporting environments. The risk of acquiring a certain injury is inevitable as causations can pertain to anatomical and physiological conditions, as well as extrinsic factors, such as choice of activity. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a prevalent injury of the lower leg that primarily affects athletes participating in running sports, and occasionally non-athletic individuals, as described by Edmundsson, Toolanen, and Sojka in 2007 (1). Whitesides et al. 2013, state that before the first diagnoses of CECS in the 1950s, it was initially believed that CECS was a form of shin splints (anterior tibial enthesistis) (2). Due to the extensive research completed on the condition, today, it is demonstrated to be a distinct clinical entity. With such extensive research, an overlap has been established in literature when defining the condition, as the causation is truly unknown. The most commonly accepted definition as asserted by Moheler et al. in 1997, Blackman in 2000, and Hislop et al. in 2003, describes CECS as a condition which muscle compartment pressure is increased due to chronic exertion which interferes with the blood circulation of the tissues at the specific compartment resulting in ischemia, pain, and short term neurological deficits (3-5). This paper will explore CECS of the anterior crural compartment of the lower leg to establish an understanding of its prominence in the anterior crural compartment, and whether or not a change in running mechanics will alleviate or prevent such injury from occurring. The running mechanics of human beings has altered over the course of many years from a d...
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...actions to effectively resist that movement, a deceleration will occur in the muscles which in turn absorb some of the ground reaction force exerted on to the body (11). The tibialis anterior muscle is at this moment acting as a brake by eccentrically contracting to control the lowering of the forefoot, temporarily increasing intra-compartmental pressure (17,18). It is evident that through the adapted mechanics of walking and running with a heel strike by wearing such technologically advanced footwear that obtain padding on the region of the heel, CECS has naturally become a prevalent injury amongst humanity. Moreover, it is important to note that there currently is no further association with the development of CESC, the long term effect of excessive eccentric contraction is believed to be due to the decrease in compliance and loss of elasticity of fascia (11).
Achilles tendinopathy and its contributing pathologies has been a heavily researched topic throughout multiple professions. Although a unified consensus and classification on the underlying pathology is yet to be reached, a shift from the term tendinitis to tendinosis has slowly been adopted, and is now believed to follow a continuum. Previous incorrect belief of an inflammatory pathophysiology has lead to the development of treatment options that are inappropriate and unsuccessful, leaving the tendon unable to adequately heal or strengthen increasing its risk of repetitive re-injury and the development of chronic Achilles tendinopathy. As a result an understanding of the pathophysiology, its effect on lower limb function and biomechanical risk factors contributing to the development of Achilles tendinopathy need to be considered when developing a rehabilitation program to coincide with new research and to address the underlying degeneration and failed healing of the tendon.
Conservation popular? Yes, thanks to Franklin Roosevelt, the CCC and TVA. These two groups had similar goals on very different scales. Comparing the impact of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is like comparing the Federal Government to a State Government. Even as early as his acceptance speech for the Presidential nomination, Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) stated “Let us use common sense and business sense. Just as one example, we know that a very hopeful and immediate means of relief, both for the unemployed and for agriculture, will come from a wide plan of the converting of many millions of acres of marginal and unused land into timberland through reforestation. There are tens of millions of acres east of the Mississippi River alone in abandoned farms, in cut-over land, now growing up in worthless brush. Why, every European Nation has a definite land policy, and has had one for generations. We have none. Having none, we face a future of soil erosion and timber famine. It is clear that economic foresight and immediate employment march hand in hand in the call for the reforestation of these vast areas. ” Roosevelt’s acceptance speech for the Presidential Nomination. During the 100 days of law, which FDR based on the writing of John Maynard Keynes, plans were drawn up for creating government agencies to help put America back to work. Roosevelt came into office on March 4, 1933 and Senate Bill S. 598 was passed by Congress on March 31, 1933 creating the CCC. Executive Order 6101 dated April 5, 1933, authorized the program, and appointed Robert Fechner of Tennessee as director. The first CCC camps, called camp Roosevelt, opened up on April 17, 1933 (Golay). These camps were mostly made up of young white men between the ages of 15-30 years old, but the program did allow both African Americans
Kinesiology: The Mechanics & Pathomechanics of Human Movement (Second ed.). Glenside, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Qiao T, Liu C and Ran F. (2005) The impact of gastrocnemius muscle cell changes in chronic venous insufficiency. Eur J Vasc Endovase Surg 30; 430-436.
This article is about the results of a survey conducted by three PhD’s; Janet Simon, Matthew Donahue, and Carrie Docherty, and was published by the International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training. The purpose of the survey was to determine Athletic Trainers current utilization of ankle support, and to determine ATs current attitudes towards the use of ankle taping and bracing. It gives some history and benefits of ankle bracing and taping, and how it has become a multimillion dollar industry, considering that 66-73% of all college athletes have reported an ankle sprain. Also, a third of people with ankle sprains will either re-sprain the ankle or report feelings of instability after the initial sprain. Ankle taping has become essential part of sports medicine,
A 18-year-old male collegiate soccer athlete presented into the athletic training room with ankle pain. This ankle pain was due to a change of direction drill. The soccer team had been out on the field to get in shape for pre-season sprinting. The athlete had plantar flexed and inverted his left ankle. This athlete stated that he had no previous health issues prior to ankle in...
Plantar fasciitis is caused from muscles and ligaments that alter the calcaneous (the big bone on hill of foot) (Daniels and Morrell 2012). The alteration of these muscles and ligaments will inflict pain and discomfort on the patient, and if not treated will cause failure of ligaments, bones, and muscles. The patient was tested with a simple squat technique that showed his heels were coming off the ground (Daniels and M...
Anderson, D. I., & Sidaway, B. (2013) Kicking biomechanics: Importance of balance. Lower Extremity Review Magazine.
The majority of ACL injuries suffered during athletic participation are of the noncontact variety. Three main noncontact mechanisms have been identified planting and cutting, straight-knee landing and one-step stop landing with the knee hyperextended. Pivoting and sudden deceleration are also common mechanisms of noncontact ACL injury. Basketball, soccer, and volleyball consistently produce some of the highest ACL injury rates across various age groups. Other activities with a high rate of injury are gymnastics, martial arts, and running. In most sports, injuries occur more often in games than in practice. Many injuries have occurred during the first 30 minutes of play. One-reason physicians are seeing more ACL injuries in female patients that more women play sports, and they play more intensely. But as they continued to do more studies, they are finding that women's higher rate of ACL is probably due ...
In order to understand how the menisci can be injured, you must understand the basic anatomy of the menisci and why they are important. The menisci are two oval (semilunar) fibrocartilages that deepen the articular facets of the tibia and cushion any stresses placed on the knee joint. They enhance the total stability of the knee, assist in the control of normal knee motion, and provide shock absorption against compression forces between the tibia and the femur (Booher, 2000). Articular cartilage covers the ends of the bones that make up the joint. The articular cartilage surface is a tough, very slick material that allows the surfaces to slide against one another without damage to either surface. This ability of the meniscus to spread out the force on the joint surfaces as we walk is important because it protects the articular cartilage from excessive forces occurring in any one area on the joint surface, leading to degeneration over time (Sutton, 1999).
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC, was created on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh in April 1960. SNCC was created after a group of black college students from North Carolina A&T University refused to leave a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina where they had been denied service. This sparked a wave of other sit-ins in college towns across the South. SNCC coordinated these sit-ins across the nation, supported their leaders, and publicized their activities. SNCC sought to affirm the philosophical or religious ideal of nonviolence as the foundation of their purpose. In the violently changing political climate of the 60’s, SNCC struggled to define its purpose as it fought white oppression. Out of SNCC came some of today's black leaders, such as former Washington, D.C. mayor Marion Barry, Congressman John Lewis and NAACP chairman Julian Bond. Together with hundreds of other students, they left a lasting impact on American history.
Besides the mechanism of an injury, injuries can be distinguished by their severity. Injury severity can be defined by whether or not the athlete lost participation time (Yang et al., 2012). The National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting Systems (NAIRS) better differentiates injury severity by classifying injuries as either time-loss (TL) or non-time-loss (NTL) injuries. Injuries that required an athlete to miss the next scheduled event/session were identified as TL injuries, while injuries that did not restrict an athlete’s ability to play we...
There are three-foot movements in gait the heel rocker, ankle rocker, and forefoot rocker. The heel rocker starts when the foot makes initial contact or heel strike with the ground and ends at foot flat. This is where the ankle is usually at ninety degrees of plantar flexion and it is the motion that is typically blocked by the AFO’s (331). The ankle rocker is the second movement in the gait pattern. It is when the foot is in full contact with the ground and ends at heel off. Then the forefoot rocker begins which is the third foot movement in the gait pattern. The forefoot rocker begins at heel off and it continues until the foot is off of the ground. At this point during gait the toes start to extend about fifty-five degrees before the foot leaves the ground (331). Extending the toes during gait helps allow the body to move forward over the foot. So if the forefoot rocker is blocked during gait the child may not be able to move forward. The child may compensate by shortening the foot length or doing inversion or eversion of the foot (332).
The human foot is an incredibly complex part of the body, it is made up of twenty-six bones which is fully twenty-five percent of the bones in the entire body. The structure of the forefoot includes the five metatarsal bones and the phalanges. The metatarsal bones are for forward movement and provides attachment for several tendons. The phalanges, also known as the toes, movement take place in the joints. The foot movement only has two movements; inversion and eversion. All the joints in the hindfoot and midfoot contributes to these complex movements. The foot has two significant functions: weight bearing and impulsion, which both requires a high degree of stability. The foot must also be flexible so it is able to adapt to uneven surfaces. The various bones and joints of the foot are what allows the foot to be flexible. In order for the foot to be able to support any weight the various of bones must form an arch. The foot has three arches that are maintain by the shape of the bones and by the ligaments. The arches are supported by the muscles and tendons. A foot is a strong, flexible, and durable it allows us to daily activities as we please while carrying all the
in soft tissue mobilization pressure.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. April 1999: 531-5.
3. If supination is not prevented then pain in the outside of the shins and feet will occur.