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time value of money importance
time value of money importance
what are the main goal of a Business
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Most business managers tend to think that profit maximization is the ultimate goal of a business. Currently, yet when the profit maximizing theory is upheld, the idea of the term “revenue” has expanded in order to factor in for account doubt met when profits are realized by the business and also factor in the time value of money. The time value of money means that what a dollar is worth today will be worth less in the farther you go into the future. Looking at profit maximization as a whole, the purpose of profit maximization in the short-term will be exchanged form profit maximization in the long-term.
Explaining what is meant by the “present value of expected profits” requires that you first understand the meaning of the term "value" and then understanding the definition of "present value." There are various types of expressions when discussing value, for example: book value, market value, going-concern value, break-up value, and liquidating value. These are all forms of value that are discussed in business and economics. The “value” of a business is referred to in terms of net cash flow. This is the present value of expected future gains. Therefore, to get this information, you need to find the course of the business’s net cash flow in upcoming years. When you have identified this, you will need to convert the expected future profit values into present value. This can be done by reducing the value by a suitable interest rate.
It should be noted that expected profit in any one period can itself be considered as the difference between the total revenue and the total cost in that period. Thus, one can, alternatively, find the present value of expected future profits by subtracting the present value of expected future costs from ...
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...The main difference between oligopolies from the other types of markets is that oligopolies are dependent on the other sellers within the industry. This means that if one seller makes a significant change, whether it is price or production, it will have an effect on the other competitors within the market. Therefore, most oligopolies take into consideration about how their decisions may affect the competition.
Unlike the previous two markets, there are barriers when new businesses try to enter the market. These barriers could be anything from the financial necessities to technology. Oligopolies are usually distinguished by economies of scale. When defining economies of scale, this means that when production increases, the cost of production decreases. Therefore, economies of scale can cause smaller manufactures to be at a disadvantage to the larger manufacturers.
Short-term corporate profitability: Residual income growth; sales growth; return on equity; percentage of sales from new products.
This organization belongs to the oligopoly market structure. The oligopoly market structure involves a few sellers of a standardized or differentiated product, a homogenous oligopoly or a differentiated oligopoly (McConnell, 2004, p. 467). In an oligopolistic market each firm is affected by the decisions of the other firms in the industry in determining their price and output (McConnell, 2005, P.413). Another factor of an oligopolistic market is the conditions of entry. In an oligopoly, there are significant barriers to entry into the market. These barriers exist because in these industries, three or four firms may have sufficient sales to achieve economies of scale, making the smaller firms would not be able to survive against the larger companies that control the industry (McConnell, 2005, p.
Competition between the few may be a large number of firms in the industry but the industry is dominated by a small number of very large producers.
Assume required profit is equal to selling, general and administrative expenses so after expenses they will breakeven.
In the Beverage Industry Coca-Cola owns approximately 42% of the Industry where as Pepsi Co. owns approximately 30%. Since 1886, Coca-Cola has been present in the market where as Pepsi Co. entered the market 13 years later. Oligopolies perpetuate themselves and discourage new investments in several ways. One example is having access to key resources, whether it’s natural resources or patented process or special knowledge. This creates difficulty for new firms to enter the industry without access to those resources. In addition with experience of keeping cost low, oligopolies benefit significantly in cost advantages which discourages new firms from entering. An example of this would be a new firm attempting to attract new consumers with a new product rather than an established product. With having an established product oligopolies are able to obtain lower prices from supplies thus allowing them to create predatory pricing aimed at driving smaller competitors out of business. Since they are the two dominant market holders in the Beverage Industry they acquire most of the sales volume. This allows the companies to reduce prices on their products to discourage new firms to continue as they will have to follow the trend. In contrast they increase prices to remain in the market and protect their industry from the expansion or interest of other
Under monopoly one firm has no rivals (Rittenberg and Tregarthen, 2009). On the contrary, in perfect competition many small firms co-exist, none with the power to influence price (Sloman and Sutcliffe, 2001). Equally important, as a combination of monopoly and competition, monopolistic competition represents the market with freedom to enter and many firms competing. However, each firm produces a differentiated product and therefore has some control over its price. Finally, oligopoly exists when few large firms can erect barriers against entry and share a large proportion of the industry. Moreover, firms are aware of their rivals and concerned about their response to competitive challenges (Allen, 1988). Consequently, oligopolies operate under imperfect competition.
The profit formula element involves developing a framework through which the business is going to create value for itself in terms of returns
An oligopoly usually consists of two to ten companies that are selling products with little to no differentiation. While the companies do hold some control over the price of the product they are selling, it is mostly dependent of the pricing of the competitors’ product. The companies in an oligopoly rely heavily on advertising and marketing their products to appeal to consumers. This is because all the companies in the oligopoly have to try to stay a step ahead of their competitors in order to appeal to consumers (S, S.). An example of an oligopoly is the cell phone industry. Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, and T-Mobile are the four dominating competitors in the market. These four companies are the only ones offering a reliable plan, at a (not so) decent price. They are constantly advertising, it seems as if every other commercial and ad you see is for one cell phone company or another, for one outrageously expensive plan or another. This goes to show that just because there is some semblance of competition between companies in a market, does not mean that consumers will be receiving a fair price on a product or
To collect relevant data, the annual percentage change in net income per common share diluted, net income/net revenues, the major income statement accounts to net revenues, return on stockholders’ equity, the price/earnings (P/E) ratio, and the book values per share for each year numbers were examined. In order for Sun Microsystems to see a greater return in its bottom line assets, it must consider an alternative approach in operating its organization.
Janice Corporation UK is a corporate company that manufactures technology, and the changes like introducing a new product line and redesigning the package will not directly appear on the company’s financial statement, but these changes can improve the company’s competitive advantages in the market. Therefore, the investors look into the company’s future cash flow and assume that will be higher going forward by calculating the fair value. Calculating the fair value, the company and investors estimate future growth rates, profit margins and other risk factors that can influence the company’s cash flow. This paper will address about the economic consequences, the advantages and disadvantages of fair value, and
The purpose of this paper is to give a clear understanding of discounted cash flow valuation. The paper will explain what a discounted cash flow valuation is and its importance in financial business decisions regarding investment strategies. This paper will give a detailed discussion about discounted valuations for both present and future multiple cash flows with respect to even and uneven schedules using clear step-by-step examples. Also included will be some advantages and disadvantages in using the discounted cash flow valuation method for corporate business. Finally, the paper will give a summary of important highlights discussed in the body of the paper.
The essential factor of an oligopolistic firm is interdependence. Oligopoly involves few producers, which means more than one producer as it is in pure monopoly but not so many as in monopolistic competition or pure competition where it is difficult to follow rival firms’ actions. Therefore, due to small number of producers on oligopoly market, the price and output solutions are interdependent. As a result, firms can cooperate or come to an agreement profitable for everyone. Therefore, they can increase, as it is possible, their joint profits (Pleeter & Way, 1990, p.129). Further, oligopoly is divided on pure, which is producing homogeneous products, and differentiated, producing heterogeneous products (Gallaway, 2000). Economists Farris and Happel insist that the more the product is differentiated, the more firms become independent, and the more the product differentiation, “the less likely joint profit maximization exists for the entire group” (1987, p. 263). Consequently, it is worth to be interdependent.
There are many industries. Economist group them into four market models: 1) pure competition which involves a very large number of firms producing a standardized producer. New firms may enter very easily. 2) Pure monopoly is a market structure in which one firm is the sole seller a product or service like a local electric company. Entry of additional firms is blocked so that one firm is the industry. 3)Monopolistic competition is characterized by a relatively large number of sellers producing differentiated product. 4)Oligopoly involves only a few sellers; this “fewness” means that each firm is affected by the decisions of rival and must take these decisions into account in determining its own price and output. Pure competition assumes that firms and resources are mobile among different kinds of industries.
An oligopolistic market has a small number of sellers dominating market share and therefore barriers to entry are high. These sellers are highly competitive and do not act independently of each other. Access to information is limited so sellers can only speculate of their competitor’s actions. Sellers will take advantage of competitor’s price changes in order to increase market share.
An oligopoly is defined as "a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products" (Gans, King and Mankiw 1999, pp.-334). Since there are only a few sellers, the actions of any one firm in an oligopolistic market can have a large impact on the profits of all the other firms. Due to this, all the firms in an oligopolistic market are interdependent on one another. This relationship between the few sellers is what differentiates oligopolies from perfect competition and monopolies. Although firms in oligopolies have competitors, they do not face so much competition that they are price takers (as in perfect competition). Hence, they retain substantial control over the price they charge for their goods (characteristic of monopolies).