The activities of therapeutic regimens with ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and levofloxacin (14 days, 40 mg/kg once a day) alone or in combination with doxycycline (14 days, 40 mg/kg twice a day) against chronic infection with Brucella melitensis were assessed in 200 mice. Doxycycline alone or in combination with ciprofloxacin significantly reduced the infection till 135 days post-infection (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). In addition, doxycycline was more effective than ofloxacin 135 days post-infection (p<0.05). However, quinolone-doxycycline treatment revealed significant additive effect because they reduced the splenic CFU from the day 45 post-infection, whereas, the treatment with doxycycline alone reduced the splenic CFU from the day 90 post-infection.
Keywords: Antibiotic combinations, Brucella melitensis, chronic disease.
Introduction
Brucellosis remains the most common and serious problem in some parts of the world.1 Many of Brucella species could infect animals through direct contact. Human could be infected when exposed to B. abortus, B. melitensis, or B. suis. In humans, the exhausting disease could become, over time, a chronic disease that affects several organs. Ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products, as well as occupational exposure to infected animals, are the major causes of brucellosis. In addition, Ariza et al. indicated that some species of Brucella could be used in a bioterrorist attack.2
In ruminants, no symptoms were seen after the first abortion; but these infected animals could develop a chronic disease and become chronic carriers, and during subsequent pregnancies, Brucella could be found in milk and uterine discharges of these carriers.3
Undulant fever, in human, recovers completely within three to twe...
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...odel. In order to do this, we have evaluated the progress of infection for 225 days using various treatments.
Only ofloxacin given orally for 14 days showed a significant reduction of the splenic infection at 90 days after infection; whereas, doxycycline was more effective than all quinolones and almost completely eradicates the infection 135 days after infection.
On another hand, doxycycline-quinolone combinations were more effective than the treatment with doxycycline alone since they could significantly reduce the splenic infection from the day 45 post-infection. Unfortunately, these combinations could not eradicate completely the chronic infection.
Conclusion
In conclusion, short-term treatment with doxycycline was more effective than the treatment with quinolones. In addition, doxycycline-quinolones combinations were slightly more effective than doxycycline.
Trabelsi, H., Dendana, F., Sellami, A., Sellami, H., Cheikhrouhou, F., Neji, S., … Ayadi, A. (2012). Pathogenic
Nestle, Marion. Safe Food: Bacteria, Biotechnology, and Bioterrorism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003.
middle of paper ... ... omomas aeroginosa. Meanwhile, a study made by Palmer found that inhaled antibiotics used as adjunct to systemic antibiotic therapy has proven to improve the clinical outcome of patients with MDR VAP (6). The study also showed a direct relationship between antibiotic resistance with the se of systematic antibiotics.
Treatment: Chemotherapy is on treatment method. Most infected people benefit from the treatments. To of the best drugs for treatment are Praziquantel and Oxamniquine. The side effects are mild and transient, some of then are as followed:
Be sure to take medication exactly as directed and do not stop therapy without speaking to health care provider. The nurse should evaluate the effectiveness of any antibiotic treatment to be sure the infection is going away and not getting worse. Improving of the signs and symptoms of infection should be seen by 5 days.
Many say that history repeats itself, and throughout history, the spread of food-borne diseases has been constantly threatening humans. Salmonella, a disease which attacks numerous people a year, has returned, infected, and put people under panic of what they are eating. According to Foodborne Diseases, it is stated that “Salmonella comprises a large and diverse group of Gram-negative rods. Salmonellae are ubiquitous and have been recovered from some insects and nearly all vertebrate species, especially humans, livestock, and companion animals” (Gray and Fedorka-Cray 55). Because of the flexibility and the ability to reproduce rapidly, this infamous disease still remains as one of the most common threats in our society as well as an unconquerable problem that humans face these days.
Disease and parasitism play a pervasive role in all life. Many of these diseases start with microparasites, which are characterized by their ability to reproduce directly within an individual host. They are also characterized by their small size, short duration of infection, and the production of an immune response in infected and recovered individuals. Microparasites which damage hosts in the course of their association are recognized as pathogens. The level of the interaction and the extent of the resultant damage depends on both the virulence of the pathogen, as well as the host defenses. If the pathogen can overcome the host defenses, the host will be damaged and may not survive. If on the other hand the host defenses overcome the pathogen, the microparasite may fail to establish itself within the host and die.
...mple. This test confirms the presence of infection and suggests which antibiotics may be used to treat infection effectively.
Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria ) from an essay by Katrina Tram Duong, edited by S.N. Carson M.D.
Infection with C. perfringens as a food-borne illness is acquired from consumption of food or water that has come in contact with the bacterium. Some possibilities include unwashed fruits and vegetables, undercooked me...
BSE has been seen to progress very slowly in relation to other diseases, however is very contagious and fatal for not only cattle, but humans as well. While many diseases that are transmittable from animals to humans will affect the young or older humans, the median age of those infected with Mad Cow Disease is 26 (2). BSE has been linked to a fatal brain disease in humans referred to as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or vCJD. Eating meat from an infected cow is what many presume to be the cause of vCJD in humans (3). Symptoms include movement deficits, memory disturbances and cognitive impairments, all of which lead to an eventual death. The majority of the BSE cases reported have primarily been outside of the United States; from 2003 to 2012 23 cases were identified in North America, 4 of which in the United States (1). This may seem to be a small amount, however because it is believed to be transmitted through the meat of cattle it can be extremely dangerous and be shipped all over the United States before it is ever identified.
3. This freshly isolated microorganism, when inoculated into a healthy laboratory animal, should cause the same disease seen in the original animal.
One major outbreak was on March and April 1998. The major outbreak was Salmonella Enteritidis associated with the contamination of cheese in a commercial product. This happened in Newfoundland. Nearly 700 cases were reported, most of which were children that got the illness. It was found that the source of the outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis was the cheese in a prepackaged processed lunch packs. The cheese was contaminated when it was being packaged into the lunch packs. It was never found how the cheese got contaminated, but they discover that the cheese was contaminated before it arrived to the place where the products were processed and packaged. They suspect that something must have happen in Parmalat¡¦s plant, the company that provides the cheeses for the lunch pack, because it was only the cheese that got contaminated. However, they will not release any information, so the real explanation of how the cheese got contaminated will never be known.
Salmonella is also a bacterium that is widespread in the intestines of birds, reptiles, and mammals. It can spread to the human species a variety of different ways; through foods or animal origins. Some examples of food involved in outbreaks are eggs, poultry and other meats, raw milk and chocolate. The illnesses it causes are typically fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. In people with poor underlying health or weakened immune...