movements, and these are generally negligible. However, clay brickwork can suffer as a result of permanent long term moisture expansion, and such movements are time related. Bricks that are kiln fresh undergo considerably greater expansion than those that have been allowed to mature slowly for several weeks before being used. The only practical way to cater for the long term phenomenon is to provide adequate movement joints in structure. 2.5.13 Frost damage To Marshall, Worthing and Heath (2009: 49) the penetration of excessive moisture and frost damage to the face of brickwork or stonework can lead to defects. Similarly the lack of a DPC can lead to frost damage at the base of a wall. 2.5.14 Mechanical agents According to the Property …show more content…
These sulphates are leached out when the wall becomes excessively wet, and the acidic solution formed reacts with a constituent of the set cement known as tricalcium aluminate, which produces a calcium compound that is expansive. In severe cases this sulphate attack can completely disrupt the brickwork, causing cracking and movement, both horizontally and vertically. 2.5.16 Wind around buildings Hinks & Cook (1997: 346) state that the wind flows over and around buildings will create negative and positive pressure regions. Corners and changes of direction may be areas of high pressure or substantial pressure differences. Severe positive loading can occur where the building presents a large surface area to the prevailing wind. The total wind load acting on the building due to this condition must also include any negative loading acting in the same direction. Severe negative loading may detach items from the surface of the building. These conditions lead to defects being fanned by the wind which is part of the environmental factors that act on buildings which in the long run lead to defects and structural failure and building deterioration. 2.6 Inhabitants abusing (vandalism) elements of the …show more content…
Polit and Hungler (1999:648) refer to it as the process of following the steps, procedures and strategies for gathering and analysing the data in a research investigation. These approaches describe in detail how the study was conducted. According to Burns and Grove (1998:581), methodology includes the design, setting, sample, methodological limitations and the data-collection and analysis techniques in a study. This is the know-how of the scientific methods and techniques employed to obtain valid knowledge. 3.2 RESEARCH METHODOOGY There are two major styles of research designs: qualitative research and quantitative research. Researchers choose qualitative or quantitative methods according to the nature of the research topic they want to investigate and the research questions they want aim to answer. 3.2.1 QUALITATIVE
Construction of external and internal load bearing masonry walls up to Damp Proof Course (DPC) level.
The minimization of the load occurs through the site orientation of the building and the R-values of the materials used. Although the site is constrained by the historic pattern of the street and houses that are currently there, the building is still able maintain interior temperatures in the ...
From the laws of physics, we know that F = ma and a = F/m. This means that when an external force is applied to a system, such as wind pushing on a skyscraper, there has to be an accleration. Consequently, the people in the skyscraper would feel this acceleration. In order to make the occupants of the building feel more comfortable, tuned mass dampers are placed in structures where the horizontal deflections from the wind's force are felt the greatest, effectively making the building stand relatively still.
There are two types of research that can be conducted in research studies, these are qualitative and quantitative (Newman, 2011). Qualitative research is a process that uses detailed oriented methodology that tries to achieve a profound knowledge or understanding of specific incident and circumstance, wh...
Soil liquefaction describes a phenomenon whereby a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress, usually earthquake shaking or other sudden change in stress condition, causing it to behave like a liquid. The phenomenon is most often observed in saturated, loose (low density), sandy soils. This is because the loose sand has a tendency to compress when a load is applied; dense sands by contrast tend to expand in volume. If the soil is saturated by water, then water fills the gaps between soil grains. In response to the soil compressing, this water increases in pressure and attempts to flow out from the soil to zones of low pressure (usually upward towards the ground surface). However, if the loading is rapidly applied and large enough, or is repeated many times (e.g. earthquake shaking, storm wave loading) such that it does not flow out in time before the next cycle of load is applied, the water pressures may build to an extent where they exceed the contact stresses between the grains of soil that keep them in contact with each other. These contacts between grains are the means by which the weight from buildings and overlying soil layers are transferred from the ground surface to layers of soil or rock at greater depths. This loss of soil structure causes it to lose all of its strength. According to the
Sick Building Syndrome is not a recognised illness. It is simply a convenient term to describe a particular phenomenon and cannot be diagnosed precis...
Four story buildings are supported by their own walls; however a new method needed to be created for skyscrapers since the previous building method would not provide enough support. Metal skeletal frames made of columns and beams were then developed to provide the support and strength needed for the skyscrapers. As the buildings grew taller, their structural design was made lighter and stiffer. Also, as the buildings grew taller, wind became an important issue. Normally, the force that acts on the skyscraper pushes directly downward towards the ground that would then counter balance that push. However, when an additional force acts on it, such as wind, the forces would act differently on the skyscraper. With a lateral force acting on the building, the steel columns of the frame on the windy side would stretch apart slightly while the columns on the other side would compress. Therefore, the skeletal frame built had to be made so that the structure would be free to move slightly with the wind and, at the same time, remain sturdy.
Creswell (2009), states that there are three types of designs, qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. Smith and Davis (2010) states that qualitative research is a field of enquiry that is conducted in a natural setting by a researcher, who may be involved in, or may be part of the data collection process; as it utilizes the views of informants as the basis for the report. Qualitative research attempts to gain and in-depth, holistic picture of the phenomenon one wishes to study by interacting closely with the people being studied; the data collected are usually in the form of words or pictures.
Every research study should describe the methods used for collecting, analysing and interpreting data. Research methodology is a systematic solving of the research problem and includes all the tools and methods used in the research process.
Qualitative and quantitative research methods take different approaches to gathering and analysing information. Whether it is a qualitative or quantitative study, the research study begins with a question or series of questions. Both use rigorously designed studies to get the most accurate, detailed and complete results. Qualitative studies common methods are interviews, surveys and observation. A qualitative study aims to provide a detailed description of the study results, often using pictures and written descriptions to describe what the research revealed. A qualitative study looks at the big picture, helping researchers to narrow in on points of interest that then can be followed up on in a quantitative study. While a quantitative study has a narrower focus, it attempts to provide a detailed explanation of the study focus, along with this using numbers and statistics. And the results from a quantitative study can reveal bigger questions that call for qualitative study. Or vice versa a qualitative study may reveal at analysis that a more focus and direct approach may be needed. With both methods analysis is a key part of any study whether qualitative or quantitative.
...re the rain water goes. Time influences the amount of development of the soil. The longer amount of time soil is exposed, the more developed it will become.
The procedure began on the wind testing so that one could be aware of the climate condition of Dubai. Besides the designers ensured they conducted an effective research of the microclimate analysis. The stack effect was determined in Burj Khalifa to estimate the magnitude of the changes to be concerned with the building.
According to Mouton, research designs are tailored to address different kinds of research questions. Thus, when attempts are made to classify different kinds of research studies to different design types, they are classified by the kind of research questions they are able to answer. Research designs can be mapped out to the types of research questions (research problem) using four dimensions: 1) empirical versus non-empirical dimension, 2) using primary versus using secondary data, 3) the nature of the data (numerical versus textual data) and 4) the degree of control (structured (laboratory) conditions versus natural field settings)
Qualitative and quantitative researcher’s exhibited conflicting ways of approaching a research. Some researchers prefer qualitative over quantitative and vice-versa. Also, it is common for qualitative and quantitative to be used together in a research. But, both methods when carried out correctly provide good research. Plus, both methods have their own unique differences and characteristics. In this paper I will define three of these characteristics in a quantitative and qualitative research design and discuss and compare their differences. (Smith & Davis, 2010)
Research which is also known as the search for knowledge is an art of scientific search for specific information. According to Clifford Woody, the research includes defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis and suggested solutions, collecting, organising and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusion and further testing whether the conclusion will fit into formulating hypothesis. Research Methodology is a scientific and systematic way of finding solution to a problem. In this research, researcher has studied various steps for research like problem along with the logic behind them. For this study, researcher must know various research techniques like mean, mode,