BRICK CONSTRUCTION
Introduction
Brick is a small rectangular shape solid, one brick cannot build anything. However, stacking bricks can make wall, brick wall can support building. China have long history of using brick structure, this research is to study what is brick structure, how can it adapt in modern architecture and how can brick structure affect the construction method of modern architecture. Following study will mainly research on the types of brick, how to construct brick wall and brick structure and case study on the Hong Kong brick structure building.
What is brick How to make brick
Brick type Brick color Brick size Brick shape
Joint
How to construct brick structure Bonds
Traditional brick structure
Modern brick structure
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Different type of brick may have different usage. The different of brick can enhance the building quality and decrease the working period.
Common Brick
Common brick is made from surface clays and shale. There are few standards for color and texture but common brick is graded into three categories.
1. SW - Severe Weather; is for brick that is to be used for exterior construction in climates that combine wetness with temperatures below freezing.
2. MW – Moderate Weather; is for exterior use in dry climates that might possibly be subject to freezing temperatures.
3. NW – No Weather; is for interior use.
Face BrickFace brick is similar to common brick with the more attention given to color and texture. Residential and commercial buildings are typically constructed of face brick of one kind or another.
Fire Brick
Fire brick is constructed of fire clay mined underground. This type of clay has an enormous resistance to heat, and fire brick is used exclusively in areas of high heat intensity, such as fireplaces and furnace liners.
Glazed BrickGlazed brick is fire brick coated with a ceramic glaze and then kiln-baked. The resulting brick might have a glossy or matte finish. A wide range of color possibilities is available in glazed
The history of Architecture started long time ago. The nomadic were groups of people whom move from one place to another in order find shelter and food to survive. As they progress, their techniques to survive evolve. The need for a permanent shelter became vital for a better stability of the group. This is the time when the first structures that provided protection appeared. Post and lintel were the first forms of Architecture, that satisficed the basic needs. Architecture evolved to be more sophisticated and fulfill the people’s needs. Consequently, Architecture evolved throughout different periods such as: Ancient architecture, Romanesque, The medieval, Renaissance, Early modern, and the industrial age, Modernism and Contemporary architecture. During the Medieval period a style of Architecture named Gothic Architecture was very notorious. The concept of this type of Architecture still continuous now days, in the city of Los Angeles many building have taken this concept of Gothic Architectural Style and have developed to a new level of experience and expression. Some of them have recreated in a modern way the features of the physical aspects of this style. Other structures have taken this concept beyond the physical features and used the emotional concept behind Gothic Style to connect people feelings with magnificent elements of the Cathedrals.
The International Style was the most common and wide-spread type of architecture found in the twenties. This style dominated architecture until about 1950. Buildings of this time were characterized as having "...geometric shapes, white walls , and a flat roof with a garden," ("Architecture ". World Book CD-ROM). They were constructed of reinforced concrete (concrete with embedded metal rods to add strength). Typical buildings had large windows, which created a light, airy feeling and the exterior had little or no ornamentation. ("Architecture". World Book CD-ROM). Architects were able to acheive the light airy feeling found in the buildings because of the new inventions of industrial materials and the technical advances.
are heated to a high temperature in an oven or a kiln, so that the
In the UK, Timber frame construction is based on factory made structural elements. The timber framed wall panels take the loads on the building to the foundations whilst the outer cladding provides embellishment and weather protection. Now depending on what cladding is to be used is totally up to the client/builder/architect as it is a matter of choice; it can be brick, stone or lightweight claddings, such as timber boarding, tile hanging or render.
Traditionally, chiminea were crafted from either El-Barro or terracotta clay. Crafted from wet clay, they are designed in two separate sections. The base or bowl or the chiminea is rounded, intended to hold the fire materials, and has an opening in the front. The stack, or neck, of the chiminea creates the draft and helps to direct the smoke and fire up and out, rather than out the front of the bowl.
Lime mortar the earliest form of concrete was invented by the Egyptian way before the time of the Roman republic. A mixture of lime derived from limestones, sand, and water gave a unique property to the material we know as concrete. The Romans apparently understood the number of advantages this unique mixture of building material offered which they called “opus caementicium” after one of the particular ingredients, caementa stone. The Roman style concrete was thicker than the concrete used today, therefore, working with it required a different technic.
Different rock types lead to different geological construction. According to different types of geological construction, different areas and regions have their own characteristics and functions for land use.
To provide a safe working environment, whether it is within the company, or the outside, they have to keep in mind, the changes in weather, or climate or geographical changes within the country.
Concrete also has its advantages. Concrete does not corrode, therefore concrete structures require less maintenance. Besides that, concrete has resistance to fire, therefore it is safer compare to the timber structure. Concrete has also resistance to cyclic loading.
On the other hand, some of the historic buildings destroyed after war and new “modern” buildings started to construct to replace them. Aim of this paper is evaluate those new constructions according to their environment and put forth design problems according to infill design methodologies. During this research, effects of immigrants, needs of Nicosia and designer based problems should be discovered as well. Analysis will be used together with literature review.
Through investigating the various properties of Cement/Concrete/Mortar, Glass, and Ceramics/Porcelain I have come to understand the chemical composition, type of bond, structure, and the daily use of each of the substances. Cement is composed of calcium which usually is acquired from limestone and silicon which is usually from sand, shale or clay (aluminosilicates). The structure of cement is in between the two extremes of an ionic and a covalent model. It is between an ionic oxide lattice and a tetrahedral covalent network. Cement when wet or when dry has both cohesive and adhesive properties. Concrete is created through the mixture of cement (filler), fine and coarse aggregate (binder), and water. With the characteristics of these materials, concrete’s type of bond attributes to its high thermal insulation properties and the strength of the material itself. Concrete is used for building materials and due to its thermal insulation properties as insulators. Mortar is a mixture of cementitious materials, water, and aggregate. For commercial use in buildings and constructions, it is useful by having water retentivity and its strength after stiffening and hardening. In addition, the content in the mortar of cement as well as air content affects the strength of the tensile bond between the mortar and the masonry. Due to the materials that compose mortar, it developed a chemical structure that is similar to its components. Also, in daily use, mortar is used for construction for buildings to attach segments together.
...xpected weather conditions over time, previous weather conditions, possible areas of less deteriorating weather conditions, expected duration of bad weather condition.
The Romans used Calacatta and Carrara marble for both construction and sculptures. The marble would cut into slabs rather than using blocks and used over a brick and mortar in their home. The Romans considered these both type of marble to be the supreme because of their pure white color.
Roof tiles are designed to block out rain, this is because the tiles will have a ‘waterproof glaze’ ensuring that rain will not enter the home and that inside will stay dry.
...n most part if steel were to be used in a Type I structure, it would be to reinforce the concrete because concrete is strong in compressive strength but weak in tensil strength. If there is any exposed steel, it is fire proofed with a fire retardant. Mainly the fire hazards that firefighters have to face in these structures are usually because of human error during the construction of the buildings or when occupants are occupying the building. In a construction sites welding, cutting, plumber’s torches, electrical wiring, and heaters all pose a fire hazard. The other risk of this type of building would be of a collapse of the concrete walls or floors during construction.