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Breast implant research paper
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Breast Implants
One of the first uses of silicone in a medical implant came in the form of lifesaving tubes implanted into young children to funnel excess fluid from the brain into the chest cavity, where the fluid could be safely metabolized and excreted. Since these "shunts" were first used, in the late 1950s, silicone in various forms has come to be an important part of many implants. "It is used in tracheotomy tubes, in artificial lenses for the eye, in artificial heart valves and in facial implants for birth defects or re-constructive surgery after cancer" (Ames 1).
The most widely used implementation of silicone is through breast re- constructive surgery through elective surgery of an individual, or re- constructive surgery to replace breasts due to women recovering from mastectomies from breast cancer or miscellaneous types of accidents.
The early history and use of implants showed no ill effects of the use of paraffin or silicone. Because of this newly developed surgical process and relatively little use of FDA guidelines there was no comprehensive testing done to ensure the utmost safety of a silicone recipient.
By this time the millions of women throughout the world who already had
Dow's silicone prosthesis implanted into their breasts had no idea of the dramatic health risks. Because of these potential health risks, women should avoid the use of breast implants.
In 1976, Congress gave the FDA authority to regulate breast implants. By this time breast implants had been in use for a significant amount of time and were considered "grandfathered."
This means that they were allowed to remain on the market, even though they have not gone through stringent testing. The FDA felt there was no evidence to substantiate that the implants were harmful. Furthermore Congress also gave the
FDA the power to go back and require manufactures to provide proof that the implants were indeed safe and effective, if it was felt that there was a reason to do so. (Bruning 7)
"In 1977, Richard Mithoff, a Houston attorney, wins the first lawsuit for a Cleveland woman who claims that her ruptured impla...
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...'s internal memo's, thousands of these memo's revealed lack of long term testing, complaints from doctors, and leakage of silicone from the implants.
The most outrageous incident discovered was complaints from surgeons of implants rupturing in the operating room, as they tried to install them into women's breasts (Byrne 98).
Pathology reports indicate considerable silicone reaction to the extruded material can cause severe foreign body reaction in susceptible individuals. A letter written to Dow Corning from Charles A. Vinnick a predominant cosmetic surgeon in California wrote: " I am loathe to publish my series of cases as I feel that it may open Pandora's box. I do feel, however, that rapid dissemination of this information is very necessary to protect your comapny and my colleagues" (Bryne 98). Vinnick complained to Dow about an incident when he removed a pair of silicone implants, the gel in a ruptured implant was terribly runny while the gel inside the other implant was of ideal cohesion. This difference led him and some others to believe that when silicone gel came into contact with tissue fluids and fat the gel's consistency changed.
In Richard Selzer’s piece on the Exact Location of the Soul, he makes several important points that highlight the way that many surgeons may feel. He introduces the piece by posing the question about why would a surgeon write and giving the most common answers that most “outsiders”, people who aren’t surgeons may see. Eventually he settles on the fact that it is to “search for something meaningful” in surgery which he describes as “murderous, painful, healing, and full of love”. I found that this phrase was interesting because it seemed to imply that surgeons see writing as an escape, a way to justify the horrors or other feelings that they may experience when they perform surgeries. On the other hand the phrase itself of being murderous but also healing and full of love seems very obscure in the sense that generally events that are described as murderous aren’t healing at the same time. Selzer’s use of these phrases emphasizes the complex nature of surgeries.
Popular television paint a glorified image of doctors removing the seriousness of medical procedures. In the non-fiction short story, “The First Appendectomy,” William Nolen primarily aims to persuade the reader that real surgery is full of stress and high stakes decisions rather than this unrealistic view portrayed by movies.
.... “The Strange Case of Marlise Munoz and John Peter Smith Hospital.” n.p.. 28 Jan. 2014. Web. 08 Feb. 2014.
Dr. Atul Gawande, a Harvard Medical School graduate and writer for The New Yorker, phenomenally illustrates the unknown side of healthcare professions in his book, Complications: A Surgeon’s Notes on an Imperfect Science. By exploring the ethical and analytical aspects of medicine while entertaining readers with relatable anecdotes, Gawande impresses on his audience the importance of recognizing the wonders of the healthcare field, as well as the fallibility of those within it.
...reduction for excessive or out of balance hormones, and new surgeries that are rapidly becoming popular within the male race are face lifts, ear corrections, and penile enlargements (Donohoe, 2006). All procedures pose a high risk, but it seems that the individuals going through such measures could care less as long as they’re bodies and looks are up to standards.
Cochlear implants are amazing feats of biomedical engineering, and have helped many people regain the ability to hear. While there are some ethical dilemmas that go along with them, there is no denying just how amazing these implants really are. By understanding how the ear works, what causes it to stop working, and using science and engineering to fix that problem, there is now a way to give someone a sense they might have never been able to experience. It can be costly, but it could drastically change someone’s life. Some people may say for worse, but there will always be someone else to say it was for better. Overall, cochlear implants are an incredible invention and will continue to grow and only get better with technology.
Kass, Leon. "Neither for Love nor Money: Why Doctors Must Not Kill." Public Interest. No. 94. (Winter 1989)
... The advanced technology of surface modification in the biomedical sector have the ability to offer not an improvement in the tribological properties only but also to improve the clinical requirements prior and post implantation. Such properties includes cell growth and antibacterial effect.
If there is not enough tissue for the reconstruction, the surgeon will insert a tissue expander under the skin and gradually fill it with saline solution, causing the skin to stretch and grow. Eventually, there will be enough room for the implant. Then reconstruction surgery can proceed. The surgeon will make a small incision and insert the implant.
After learning of the negative consequences that may, and probably will arise from breast implants, it is surprising that so many women are still getting them. It is major surgery and the benefits of having larger breast is not worth the unnecessary chance of death or serious pain for life. More work needs to be done on the study of breast implants because women need to know what they are putting in their bodies. Breast implant manufacturers need to be held responsible, and plastic surgeon should be required to make sure every woman is fully aware of all the possible side effects before she has any type of surgery done.
Once the rat experiment finished, he further tried to optimize his technology. Those implants were made after a membrane called Dura mater which covers the spinal cord and brain. The next step was to implement it on humans. The implementation was done on a man who was partially paralyzed because of an injury to his spinal cord 5 years before the implant. Those electrodes were implanted on the surface of the lower spinal cord just below the affected area.
...ally want and it has been carefully thought out but the story doesn’t finish when the procedure does. There could always be complications or you may not achieve the desired result. For example when having breast surgery, the implants will have to be replaced meaning further cost and for the private companies securing patients and money for the future.
Question Quote "I doubt that these experiences are unique to the hospitals or the medical school at which I have thus far trained. I expect that they pervade health care systems throughout the country. I give credit to my medical school for teaching me to be critical of the culture of medicine, apply interdisciplinary perspectives to clinical quandaries, and reflect on my experiences." (Brooks KC. 2015.)
Prosthesis has evolved from different swirling stages time to time to the more advanced ,mature and sophisticated one after a long chain of memoriable events, the modern and develoed prosthesis is quite different from the archaic prosthesis. It has groomed itself with the running wheel of time. No innovative ideas were involved in the primitive beginnings of prosthesis, instead it became a very natural and essential need of the the persons with missing body organs.
Typically when having surgery done, people will weigh the risk of the surgery against against the suspected health improvement. However, when having cosmetic surgery done, there is no health improvement. There is actually no improvement at all except to the patients mental views on themselves. There are many risks when having plastic surgery that are often overlooked by patients because the surgery is being preformed by doctors. Doctors aren’t here to harm us, but heal us, so having a certified person in a white coat cut you open to put implants in you, could’t be harmful could it? Unfortunately, it easily could. “It’s well known that breast implants of many types can cause burning pain, loss of sensation, hardening of breast tissue and serious infection. One woman who suffered complications from implants has filed a petition with the Scottish government urging adoption of such a ban. An argument could even be made that aesthetic surgery violates the Hippocratic oath [taken by medical doctors] because it carries a potential for harm without curing or preventing disease.”(Edmonds) A French company named Poly Implant Prosthese (PIP) is known for having faulty breast implants. The PIP’s are known to rupture more easily and are full of an industrial grade of silicone that was never intended for use in the medical