Introduction
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the United States. One in eight women will have breast cancer in their lifetime. There have been recent studies suggesting that diet influences breast cancer risk. Certain foods, like fruits and vegetables, have been associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, while others have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. A greater understanding of the association between diet and breast cancer can be used for preventive measures in the future.
Experimental Design
There has been extensive research on how diet can affect breast cancer susceptibility in recent years. According to Link, much of the research conducted regarding diet and cancer association has focused on one specific ingredient or food, such as coffee, rather than the person’s diet as a whole. To combat this issue, dietary patterns were established in the California Teachers Study (CTS) Cohort. Five dietary patterns were established and evaluated. The dietary patterns established were: high plant diet (fruits and vegetables), high protein and fat (meat, eggs, butter), high carbohydrate (pasta and bread), ethnic (legumes, soy, rice), and salad and wine (salad, fish, low-fat dressing, wine, coffee). The dietary patterns were analyzed in a large group of women with a wide age range. The group used was large and diverse in many aspects, although the majority of subjects were Caucasian. The dietary patterns and incidence of breast cancer were evaluated to determine if there was a correlation between diet and breast cancer susceptibility. The study also aimed to determine whether there was a correlation between dietary patterns and the receptor subtypes involved in breast cance...
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... dietary pattern. That is some women may eat a large variety of foods and may not fall under one category. Analysis of these women’s breast cancer risk is less attainable.
Conclusion
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, but may be preventable for some. Breast cancer risk is dependent upon many factors, including genetic disposition, environmental factors, diet and exercise, and lifestyle. Diet and exercise are among the factors that may be altered to reduce risk of cancer. Prevention is becoming more important in defense against cancer. As the CST study and several others have indicated, a plant-based diet may reduce susceptibility to breast cancer. This is specifically true for ER-PR- breast cancers. In conclusion, eating a diet that is high in fruits and vegetables and low in alcohol intake may help reduce breast cancer susceptibility.
The Ornish diet, a meal plan that emphasizes the consumption of carbohydrates over fats, is an unsafe plan despite its claims to being a safe and effective way to prevent heart disease1 – a claim only a balanced diet can make. Because the Ornish diet cuts out a large number of foods from a person’s meal, many beneficial nutrients are missing that would normally be in a balanced diet. In addition, recent studies have found that diets containing a larger than recommended amount of carbohydrates may actually increase a person’s chances of developing intestinal and breast cancers2. These findings show that despite any benefits the Ornish diet may provide to the heart, the complications of maintaining a high carbohydrate diet make it not nearly as safe as a balanced diet.
This was an exploratory study designed to develop a better understanding of the long term effects of breast and formula fed children. Due the research producing numerical data to describe the happenings of the study it can be assumed that the original study was considered quantitative. This was a longitudinal trend study because specific characteristics were monitored to distinguish and compare and contrast changes within the population over time. The purpose of the study performed by Cynthia Colen according to Alexandra Sifferlin was to reveal the true benefits of breast- feeding a child and how those children differed long term from bottle-fed children....
At this point in time, scientists and doctors have yet to discover the specific causes for breast cancer. However, what is known are the different risk factors that may trigger or put women more at danger of acquiring this disease. Aged women who have experienced menopause are more vulnerable at containing this disease. Women are also more at risk if breast cancer is common within their family because it is hereditary. In addition, smoking and drinking are other factors that can put women at risk as well (Stephan, 2010). Obesity in particular is a huge risk factor. Women who are overweight, especially those who have a thicker upper body, are more likely to develop malignant cancers in the breast than a healthy woman (Vona-Davis and Rose, 2009).
Some risk factors cannot be changed such as age, race, and gender. A person 's risk increases as they get older. Approximately 1 out of 8 women are at risk of developing breast cancer are younger than 55. Approximately 2 out of 3 women are at risk of developing breast cancer who are older than 55 (American Cancer Society, 2014). To decrease this rate, women need more timely follow ups and access to high quality treatments (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Men can develop breast cancer, but this disease is more common among women than men. (American Cancer Society, 2015).
In the United States, starting from the first breast cancer case in 1930s to today, a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer increases to one eighth (Gray et al.). Continuously increasing breast cancer rate has caused a lot of concerns among not only ordinary people but also scientists. For decades, scientists have been working on the causes of breast cancer in order to find the corresponding methods of treatment. However, only about 25% of the breast cancer cases got explained (Brody et al.); till today, heredity, lifetime exposure to environmental estrogen (the female sex hormone), and the dietary fat are the only major known causes (“Cover Story: Breast Cancer and Environment”). For the 75% unexplained breast cancers cases, scientists, through various of researches, have come up with several hypothetical breast cancer causes, in which synthetic chemicals and environmental radiations are the major ones.
Research has shown that obesity increases the chances of getting cancer. Cancer linked to obesity includes uterus, cervix, ovary, breast, and gallbladder. A report by the American Cancer Society says that when a person has a BMI that is 40% or more above the normal, the risk of conducting cancer increases by 53% for women and 33% by men. A study published in the journal of the American Medical Association found that a women who gained at least 45 pounds since the age 18, were twice as likely to obtain breast cancer than a person who gained less than 5 pounds. The American Institute for Cancer Research released a report saying that 40% of all cancer cases could be avoided if they maintained a healthy diet and exercise regimen to maintain a normal body weight.
There are many different reasons that woman maybe at a higher risk for breast cancer than other woman. Family history is risk factors that increase a woman’s likelihood of getting breast cancer. What this means is if a woman is in a family where this disease is common among female or even males they are at a higher risk for being diagnosed with breast cancer than someone who is in a family where breast cancer is not common. If the relative that has this disease is one that is very close meaning they are either a sister, mother, or daughter the likelihood that said person will also contract the disease is then doubled. This is mainly due to the fact that in close relations you are able to inherit the genes BrcA-1 or BrcA-2, these genes are mutation genes that play a role in controlling the growth of cancer cell. Only a small portion of women inherit this gene about 1 in 500 to be exact, however when they do inherit this gene they have a 80% chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetime. This gene causes woman to develop cancer at a younger age usually before the time they hit menopause. Also, women with this gene have a greater risk of developing cancer in both breasts which is called bilateral breasts cancer. This is due to the fact that once the cancer develops in one breast the risk for developing it in the other breast increases. (“Breast Cancer”) "About 5 to 10% of breast cancer is hereditary, passed from one generation to the next via a variety of mutated genes". (Port 95-105) Lastly,
Breast Cancer is defined as “a group of solid tumor malignancies arising in the tissues of the breast” (Sarah Crawford, Richard Alder, 2013) in human and other mammals. It can happen to both men and women. For women, breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death. According to National Cancer Institute, in the United States, the 2014 estimated new cases and deaths of female from breast cancer are 232,670 and 40,000, respectively. For male, it’s 430 deaths out of 2,360 new cases. From these numbers, we can see that women in the U.S. are greatly affected by breast cancer, thus, it’s not difficult to imagine the impact on a worldwide level. Although these numbers look frightening, people can actually survive from breast cancer if it is detected early and treated properly, so it is extremely important for all of us, especially women, to have a better understanding of breast cancer.
The documentary uses correlation as causation which isn’t true. It stated many times throughout the film that there is a correlation with protein consumption and tumor growth. They use many examples like that within this film. Forks Over Knives (2011), “During the same time the way American ate was changing, again, the number of fast food franchises was exploding as more and more over scheduled Americans began using them as a convenient way to feed themselves and their families. While the fast food revolution was sweeping the nation the rate of cancer deaths in America was continuing to rise.” They don’t state what types
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world (Breast). Every three minutes a woman is diagnosed: one in eight women will have breast cancer (Walgreens, 2011; Chen, 2010). “I have to admit, like so many women, I always knew there was a chance. But like so many women, I never thought it would be me. I never thought I'd hear those devastating words: 'You have breast cancer.' “- Debbie Wasserman Schultz, a democratic representative of Florida (2011).
We eat a variety of food everyday fruits, veggies, meat and a lot more, but could the stuff we everyday give us cancer ? That answer is yes,
Bruce Ames and Lois Swirsky Gold also argued that smoking cause about a third of all cancers. They underline the importance of diet by pointing out that quarter of the population eating the fewest fruits and vegetables had double the cancer incidence than those eating the most. They concluded that there is no evidence that is convinced enough saying chemical pollutants were the main cause of human cancer (Logomasini, N.A).
Patterson, R. E., Flatt, S. W., Newman, V. A., Natarajan, L., Rock, C. L., Thomson, C. A., et al. (2011). Marine Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Breast Cancer Prognosis. The journal of nutrition , 141 (2), 201-206.
The poor food choices that men and women make is the cause of many illnesses, disease and chronic health conditions. Men and women generally have different thoughts and choices on the topic of healthy food. People’s bad health may be genetically occurred or their exposure to their past nutritional education was not helpful, but their bad health is primarily based upon the poor choices that the individuals choose in daily life.
a factor at home, and Mom creates meals with that in mind. A new food group