Physical Effects of Stroke
Vision Loss
Vision loss generally is referred to as a loss of visual field, meaning that a person has a disturbance in their field of vision, which can no longer be seen. To classify Visual field loss, size and scope of visual disturbance is considered. A stroke occurring in left hemisphere, will affect the right field of vision in each eye. The same applies to the right of hemisphere affecting vision in the left Field of vision each eye.
Types of Vision Loss
• Hemianopia: blindness in half the visual field. The most common form is homonymous hemianopia, this means vision loss is the same side of each eye. Approximately 8 to 10% of stroke survivors have homonymous hemianopia.
• Quadrantanopia: blindness in a quarter of the visual field.
• Scotoma: blindness in a localized area much like a blind spot where there should not be one.
• Tunnel vision: blindness in the peripheral vision is lost, this is known as bitemporal hemianopia. Bitemporal hemianopia results in a loss of the temporal half of the visual field in each eye.
Treatment of vision loss
Treatment strategies are targeted at increasing Field of vision, this treatment is broken down into three categories:
Optical therapy: or rather Field vision relocation, Involved using mirrors or prisms to displace images from the affected area to the unaffected area. This therapy does not restore the affected areas but rather can increase visual field up to 20 degrees.
Saccadic training: a treatment increasing eye movement. As a person scans and landscape there maybe a blind spot due to loss of vision. Therapy can help train muscles of the eye to compensate staying within unaffected field of vision so that the head must turn.
Visual restoration therapy:...
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...reflexes
Treatment Of Spasticity
When treating spasticity specific goals are to: increase range of motion, relax stiff muscles, and inhibit involuntary contractions; in order to achieve these goals specific medications and therapies are prescribed.
Works Cited
https://www.braintrauma.org/tbi-faqs/tbi-statistics/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury
http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/tbi/
http://www.mayfieldclinic.com/PE-TBI.htm
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/117/4/e25.long
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326510-overview
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0003684/
http://www.strokecenter.org/patients/about-stroke/ischemic-stroke/
http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/AboutStroke/TypesofStroke/IschemicClots/Ischemic-Strokes-Clots_UCM_310939_Article.jsp
http://www.stroke.org/site/PageServer?pagename=type
Optometrists have accepted vision therapy, which is a medical treatment for optical muscle disabilities, as a feasible treatment used for eye related problems; claiming the treatment can strengthen vision and give the patient the opportunity to understand visuals quicker and clearer (Press). Vision therapy originated in the 1950s and over the past 25 years, has gained popularity, mainly because of new technological innovations in the field of treatment. Generally, vision therapy is prescribed as a measure mainly for people between the ages of 3 and 18. With the results from a comprehensive series of eye tests, the optometrist can work with the patient using special instruments—prisms, filters, occluders, and eye lenses—and strengthen the eye muscles, thus improving sight. According to optometrists in favor of vision therapy, these methods of treatment using these instruments function as safer routes to repair eye disabilities. Although vision therapy can yield favorable results, the practice as a treatment for innate eye disabilities has been in hot debate lately; as it can exceed $8000 and insurance companies do not cover the treatment. For decades, insurance companies have refused to accept vision therapy as a legitimate method for repairing eyesight (Boink). Concomitant with lack of insurance, the cost for a full treatment can exceed $8000, and doctors cannot guarantee a successful outcome. Recently, parents of children with eye related disabilities, such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and strabismus (cross-eye), and doctors have attempted to cooperate with public schools to allow families access to school-funded doctors to practice vision therapy. With a tight budget, most schools cannot afford to supply vision therapy, and a...
If brain cells die or are damaged because of a stroke, symptoms of that damage start to show in the parts of the body controlled by those brain cells.
Tilikete, C., Rode, G., Rossetti, Y., Pichon, J., Ling, L., & Boisson, D. (2001). Prism adaptation to rightward optical deviation improves postural imbalance in left-hemiparetic patients. Current Biology, 524-528.
Results suggested that subjects who were hyperopic had the most limited lateral peripheral vision. Their average range was 20.25 degrees less than the average 20/20 control of 150 degrees. (Figure 1). Myopic subjects also had less range but not to the same extent. The average range was 12 degrees less than the control. This indicates that myopic and hyperopic subjects do not have the same range of peripheral vision as the average 20/20 vision human, hyperopia most significantly.
Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures (2nd ed.). New York, New York: Guilford Press.
Stroke is one amongst the foremost distressing experiences that can happen to anyone. A stroke is caused by an intermission of the blood offer to half of the brain. The term ‘stroke’ comes from the actual fact that it always happens with none warning, ‘striking’ the person from out of the blue. Worldwide, each year 2/1000 individuals have a stroke. Five out of six strokes happen in individuals over the age of sixty. It is hardly ever obvious why somebody ought to have suffered a stroke. Contrary to widespread belief, stress, and either future or following a sudden event, is not in itself a reason behind a stroke. The most common is obtaining older and alternative factors are high blood pressure (hypertension), smoking, being overweight, having too much sugar in blood (diabetes) and having abundant in excessive amount of cholesterol in blood. Strokes occur once the blood flow within the brain is hampered and brain tissue is broken. There are 2 major varieties of strokes: Ischemic and Trauma. The severity of injury to the brain tissue depends on several factors together with age, area of the brain affected, and alternative medical conditions. If the hand and arm doesn’t have medical aid in real time when stroke, it will reduce the power and muscle management, leading to a claw like look and loss of perform. Activities of the patient daily legal document will be significantly affected.
Treatment methods include enucleation, external beam radiation, and chemo reduction. Enucleation, the most common process, is simply the removal of the eye.
The therapist will collect demographic information including patient’s history and chief complaint (Bartson, Smith and Corcoran, 2011). The therapist focuses on assessing the client’s emotions and physical sensations following a traumatic event and not the details of the traumatic event (Bartson, 2011). This is what differentiates Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR) from other therapies (Bartson, 2011). The process of EMDR therapy starts after this initial assessment.
Open-angle glaucoma - With this form of glaucoma, the loss of vision occurs so gradually it is rarely noticed. However, as eye damage increases, you will eventually find that you have lost a lot of areas of your peripheral vision, especially the field of vision near your nose. As larger areas of your peripheral vision fade, you may develop tunnel vision -- vision that has narrowed so you see only what is directly in front of you. If glaucoma is not treated, even this narrowed vision disappears into blindness. Once gone, areas of lost vision canno...
The human eye is one of the most complex organisms in the human body and the lens is one of the most impressive structures within it! Despite being slightly over two centimeters in diameter, the human eye has over two million moving parts. Sight is a rapidly occurring process that involves continuous interaction between the eye, the nervous system, and the brain. The lens is a key component of the eye which, coupled with the cornea, focuses images onto the retina. This is easily achieved by the lenses biconvex shape, refractive index, clarity, and youth. In our younger years we have the ability to bring near objects into focus by the act of accommodation. Ciliary muscle shortening allows the lens to take on a more curved shape. Human vision can be limited by the optical quality of the eye, especially by the presence of a cataract. Cataracts are a very common age-related visual problem and the number of cataract operations performed is continuously on the rise; approximately 20 million surgeries were performed in 2010.
Another form of therapy for SPD is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) which helps patients with severe trauma like PTSD.
Macular degeneration also known as late, aged-related maculopathy is an eye disorder which causes a decrease in the visual field known as the retinal macula (Medical Encyclopedia, 2000). The majority of people who are affected are people over the age of 65, but occasionally it develops earlier in people 40-50 years old (Philippi, 2000). The majority of the visual loss is located in the central part of the visual field, while the peripheral vision is unharmed. There are also two types of macular degeneration, the "wet" and "dry" forms. The "dry" form of this disease is the most popular, affecting 90% of the cases (American Academy of Ophthalmology, 1997).
The images formed on the two retinas are so unlike that they cannot be blended in the brain. Thus, a double image is perceived. The condition is known as diplopia, or double vision. Prismatic lenses are prescribed to correct this defect.Imperfections in the cones of the retina, resulting from heredity or disease, cause defective color vision. This is known as color blindness, or Daltonism. In total color blindness, everything appears in shades of gray.