Anatomy
The Brachialis is a long and solid muscle of the upper arm. It begins at the distal a large portion of the foremost side of the humerus. Furthermore, the source tendon connects to the average and parallel intermuscular septa of the arm, two separating layers differentiating the flexor from the extensor muscles. Distally the muscle embeds at the tuberosity of the ulna where its strands are likewise joined with the joint container. The nerve supply hails from the musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7), however in 70-80% of individuals, the muscle has twofold innervation with the outspread nerve (C5-C6).
Generally, the brachialis lies under the biceps brachii and is hence not simple to palpate from the surface. The muscle scarcely has shallow parts found at its parallel fringe and distally. Despite the fact that it is placed profound in the upper arm, the brachialis muscle still helps by implication to the surface life systems as its extensive gut makes the biceps brachii look much bigger on the surface than it really is. ("Behind every extraordinary biceps brachii is an incredible brachialis".)
Capacity
The brachialis is the strongest flexor of the elbow joint. It is even a stronger flexor than the biceps brachii, in light of the fact that it is closer to the joint pivot and moreover just extends in excess of one joint as opposed to the biceps brachii. A little withdrawal of the muscle hence prompts a bigger flexion in the elbow. An alternate capacity of the brachialis is assisting with support of pressure found on the joint container, whereby it counteracts harms to the case throughout hyperextension.
Pathology
In instances of compelling strain of the elbow, aggravation of the brachialis tendon (brachialis tendonitis) or wo...
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...ibroplasia happens inside the tendon, ensuing in scar tissue.
A vascular hypothesis depicting tendon degeneration with auxiliary zones of central vascular disturbance.
Neural tweak. This is another hypothesis suggesting that tendinopathy emerges from neurally intervened pole cell degranulation and arrival of substance P.
Epidemiology
The occurrence of biceps tendon damage in game and distinctive occupations is obscure.
Biceps tendonitis happens in a mixed bag of games including weightlifting, tennis, wheelchair sports (and general wheelchair utilization), cricket, baseball, kayaking and different games where overhead action is involved.[2]
Degenerative tendinosis and biceps tendon burst are normally seen in more seasoned patients.
Isolated tendonitis regularly introduces in junior or center-matured patients yet the precise frequency is obscure.
On History- The patient was a 49-year-old Caucasian male with a chief complaint of pain and weakness in R shoulder abduction and external rotation (dominant shoulder). He was a retired baseball player. He has been a baseball pitcher for 12 years before he retired 5 years
Skjong, C. C., Meininger, A. K., & Ho, S. S. (2012). Tendinopathy treatment: Where is the Evidence? Clinics in Sports Medicine , 31 (2), 329-350.
One of the most important muscles in both a mink and a human are those of the arms and shoulders because of their involvement with movement. One of the primal movers of arm abduction along the frontal plane is the deltoid muscle found in both minks and humans. In both species, deltoid muscles allow for the abduction of the humerus. The next two muscles are the biceps brachii and its opposing muscle the triceps brachii. The biceps brachii consists of two heads, which arise from the scapula and join to form a single muscle that ends upon the upper forearm. The most important functions of the biceps brachii are the supination of the forearm and the flexing of the elbow. The triceps brachii on the other hand extends the forearm in both minks and humans and has three heads as opposed to two in its antagonist biceps brachii (Scott). The origin of the triceps brachii is also from the scapula like the biceps brachii. In a mink, the extensor digitorium originates on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus yet in humans it is present in the posterior forearm and is responsible for extending the phalanges, wrist, and elbow in both species. Anothier muscle with similar functions to the extensor digitorium is the flexor carpi ulnaris but instead it is soley responsible for flexin...
When comparing rotator cuff tears from the common people and athletes, they are much more common when a person is physically active in sports. An injury in the rotator ...
So what is a rotator cuff and what is the anatomy of it? The rotator cuff is
One of the most common injuries is due to overuse of the shoulder because of the repetitive motion required in pitching. Major shoulder injuries include bursitis, inflammation or tears of the tendons of the rotator cuff or rotator cuff tendonitis, shoulder instability, shoulder separation and labrum inflammation or tears. In order to understand the shoulder injuries of baseball players and especially of pitchers, you have to understand the motion involved in the act of throwing. Pitchers perform a wind up, cocking, acceleration and then deceleration and follow through when throwing the ball (see Figure 1) (source). These motions can be performed up to and over one hundred times per game depending on the age and ability of the athlete. Add to the amount of weekly practice time and you can see how this repetitive motion can cause problems over time. The anatomy of the shoulder joint allows the pitcher to generate velocity when throwing the ball. The shoulder joint fits loosely in the shoulder socket or glenoid (see Figure 2) (source). The further the player can bring the arm back raised away from the body (abduction), the more velocity the ball will have when released. Because of the lack of restriction in the shoulder joint a larger demand is placed on the soft shoulder tissue that is responsible for maintaining stability. These are the structures that eventual...
One of the functions of the rotator cuff muscles and the long head of the biceps, is to pull the head of the humerus down from the acromion process, to prevent impingement. Strengthening the subscapularis, infraspinatus and teres minor can help with this function. Dr. Fishman discovered a technique when doing yoga and experienced relief of his own rotator cuff pain.
Impingement syndrome was originally described by Dr. Charles Neer as mechanical impingement of the supraspinatus muscle and the long head of the biceps tendon underneath the acromial arch. Neer classified three stages of impingement. Stage I is characterized by edema and hemorrhage of the rotator cuff and suprahumeral tissue. Stage II is characterized by fibrosis of the glenohumeral capsule and subacromial bursa and tendonitis of the involved tendons. Patients usually demonstrate a loss of active and passive range of motion because of capsular fibrosis. Stage III is the most difficult to treat and is characterized by disruption of the rotator cuff tendons. This includes rotator cuff tears, biceps rupture, and bone changes. Since this is a continuous disease process, there is often overlap of signs and symptoms (Hawkins and Abrams 1987).
The procedure for this lab was separated into two sections, one pertaining to the muscle activities and other for nerve activities. In the muscle section, data was acquired through the use of iWorx TA unit in conjunction with LabScribe 3 software. The iWorx TA unit was also connected to stimulating electrodes and a pressure ball. Sticky pads were placed on the forearm and readjusted until optimal motor point was located. A specific software setting and the correct procedure to locate the point can be found on the Muscle lab manual (*-*-*-). The ball must be grasped in a relaxed state with minimal pressure. The pressure on the ball resulting from the contraction is recorded in Volt (V). For each part the provided parameters were set in the software.
Supraspinatus tendonitis is inflammation of the supraspinatus/rotator cuff tendon and/or the contiguous peritendinous soft tissues, according to Medscape. It is usually identified with shoulder impingement syndrome and is a recognized phase in the second stage of the disease. There are both extrinsic and intrinsic factors that can lead up to this condition. Primary and secondary impingement are what make up the extrinsic factors. Primary impingement is the outcome from increased subacromial loading, trauma, or overhead activities. Secondary impingement is the outcome from rotator cuff overload and muscle imbalance. The condition can also be caused by the diminishing in the supraspinatus outlet space because of the unstable glenohumeral joint.
• The radius and ulna. These are the two bones in your forearm that form the lower part of your elbow.
Repetitive arm use can cause fatigue of shoulder muscles and this has been a potential link to the development of shoulder pain. A reduction in force generation of shoulder muscles might lead to a reduction in control or stabilization for joint motions, such as the GH joint. The infraspinatus has been seen to play a significant role in the alteration of GH kinematics when fatigued while other shoulder musculature, such as the anterior/posterior deltoid and serratus anterior, did not alter GH kinematics while fatigued. Altered scapular kinematics have been found after fatiguing external rotators such as the infraspinatus. decreased scapular posterior tilt, upward rotation, and external rotation during arm elevation after the external rotators were fatigued. confirmed a decrease in scapular posterior tilt from external rotator fatigue, but also noted an increase in scapular upward rotation at 60° of arm elevation. also stated an increase in scapular upward rotation with arm elevation following fatigue.
Tendinitis mostly happen during sports or activities that involve sudden, sharp movements, such as throwing or jumping, or after repeated overuse of the tendons, such as running, cleaning house. Tendinitis can affect people of any age, but is more common among adults who do a lot of sports. Elderly individuals are also susceptible to tendinitis because our tendons tend to lose their elasticity and become weaker as we get older; tendonitis is also common in people with diabetes
Left shoulder examination showed tenderness, a decreased strenght, and positive impingement signs. An MRI dated 01/31/2017 revealed moderate supraspinatus/infraspinatus/subscapularis tendinosis with associated long head biceps tendinosis, as well as superior and anterior labral tear. She was diagnosed with a left shoulder partial rotator cuff tear, superior labral tear with biceps tendinitis, subacromial bursitis, and adhesive capsulitis.
The elbow is a hinge joint, moving in only one dimension (flex or extend), making it relatively simple from an architectural and functional standpoint. The humerus bone in the upper arm connects to the two bones of the forearm by means of various connective tissues. For a pitcher, one of the most important of these connections is the unlar collaterial ligament (UCL). The UCL offers much of the stability that is necessary for the elbow to withstand the extreme stresses created by throwing a baseball at high velocity. Its function is to stabilize against lateral forces and to keep the arm connected across the joint space.