Part A: Bone Tissue Structure and Repair
1. Definitions:
a. Fracture – an injury which occurs in bones due to the bone(s) being unable to withstand the stress of heavy loads, impacts or abnormal movements, causing the bone(s) to break.
b. Proximal – describes the position of a feature within a limb as closer to the limb’s origin in comparison to another feature within the same limb
c. Diaphysis – is the shaft between the proximal and distal ends of long bones consisting of an outer layer of compact bone which surrounds the medullary cavity
2. Humerus – long bone
Occipital bone – flat bone
3rd lumbar vertebral body – irregular bone
3. Majority of the vertebral body is made up of spongy bone. The matrix of spongy bone consists of thin bundles
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Osteoblasts are responsible for the process of ossification. These cells produce the organic components of the bone matrix (mostly collagen) to form osteoid (unmineralised bone matrix). Osteoblasts also stimulate an increase in calcium phosphate at the fracture so that the salts attach to the osteoid to form bone. Osteoblasts are eventually surrounded by the bone it produces and develop into osteocytes.
8. Osteoclasts are responsible for the process of bone resorption. These large multi-nucleated cells attach to the bone and release acids and enzymes which erodes the bone matrix, releasing the calcium and phosphate ions. This process is important in maintaining homeostatic levels of calcium and phosphate ions within in the blood. 9. The extracellular matrix of bone consists of both organic and inorganic components. One third of the matrix is organic (contains carbon and hydrogen) and mostly consists of collagen fibres. Two thirds of the matrix is inorganic containing salts and minerals, primarily calcium and phosphate and partly sodium, magnesium and carbonate. Both organic and inorganic components of the bone contribute to a bones strength and
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Calcium causes muscle contraction by allowing myosin heads to form cross bridges with actin by breaking the troponin-tropomyosin bond and exposing the actin active sites. Once formed, the myosin head ‘power strokes’ releasing ADP, P and energy in the form of heat, shortening the length of the sarcomere. The myosin head is then reactivated by binding to an ATP molecule and can form another cross bridge. As calcium is at an excessive level, the body repeats the process of cross bridging as fast as possible, hence the severe muscle contractions and rise in body temperature. Not only is ATP used in cross bridge formation, it is also used to return calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum via active transport, however the calcium channels are unable to close due to the presence of halothane. Both these applications of ATP during an episode of malignant hyperthermia severely depletes the body of ATP, which is detrimental to a patient’s
However some of the basic bone functions include storing of crucial nutrients, minerals and lipids, producing red blood cells for the body, protect the organs such as heart, ribs and the brain, aide in movement and also to act as a buffer for pH. With the differences in all of the bones there are four things that remain the same in each bone, their cells. Bones are made up of four different cells; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and bone lining cells. Osteoblasts produce and secrete matrix proteins and then transport the minerals into the matrix. Osteoclasts are responsible for the breaking down of tissue. The osteoblasts and osteoclasts are both responsible for remodeling and rebuilding of bones as we grow and age. The production of osteoclasts for resorption is initiated by the hormone, the parathyroid hormone. Osteocytes are the mature versions of osteoblasts because they are trapped in the bone matrix they produced. The osteocytes that are trapped continue making bone to help with strength and the health of the bone matrix. The bone lining cells are found in the inactive bone surfaces which are typically found in
An osteoblast is a “baby” bone cell whose main job is to secrete osteoid which forms the hardened, or calcified, bone matrix. Osteocytes are formed from osteoblasts. Osteocytes are the mature bones cells that have been completely differentiated. They are found in the lacunae of hard bone and have a spider-like appearance due to their canaliculi. Osteoclasts are a different type of cell formed from the mesenchymal cells. These cells are not related to osteoblasts or osteocytes. Their job is to basically “eat” the bone to create cavities and other hallow spaces during bone remodeling. Finally, the cells form differentiate to form fibroblasts and fibrocytes. These fibroblasts and fibrocytes secrete and form the matrix for fibrous connective tissue which is an essential component of the
“The Lovely Bones” is a book written by Alice Sebold. It was published in 2002, and it’s about Susie Salmon, a girl that was murdered and no watches her family and murderer from her own heaven. She tries to balance her feeling and watch out for her family since her murderer is still free and with nobody knowing how dangerous he is. In 2009, a movie adapted from the book came out as well.
This week’s reading was about Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston’s, “A Mule Bone”. This play expresses many conflicts that go on in small as well as large communities. The setting of this play however is in Eaton, Florida is the community in which Hurston is from. It describes the many conflicts that people have with certain relationships or religions.
Bones of the skeletal system serve as storage compartments for vital minerals like phosphorus and calcium. Excessive calcium in the blood is stored in bones. Calcium is released from the bones into the blood when there are deficient amounts of it in the blood.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and has other body attachments that assist in connecting them which are tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. The skeletal system provides vital functions for the human body. The functions this system provides are support, movement, protection, blood cell production, storage for calcium and endocrine regulation. Bone serves as the basic unit of the human skeletal system. Ossification is characterized as a process that produces new bone. This process is also known as bone formation. Bone formation consists of two types of development. They are intramembranous and endochondral formation. Intramembranous ossification takes place when cells within the membrane change and become osteochondral progenitor cells.
Osteoporosis is a condition, which advances with age, resulting in fragile, weak bones due to a decrease in bone mass. Externally osteoporotic bone is shaped like normal bone, however it’s internal appearance differs. Internally the bone becomes porous due to a loss in essential minerals, including phosphate and calcium. The minerals are loss more quickly than they can be replaced and in turn cause the bones to become less dense and weak. The bones become prone to fracture, due to their weakness. Therefore the awareness of the disease tends to occur after a fracture has been sustained. The bones most commonly affected are the ribs, wrist, pelvis and the vertebrae.
6. Hyperthermia and Cancer. George M. Hahn. Plenum Press, NY, 1982. pp 1-5, 53, 85, 176-177, 254-256.
80 percent of the human skeleton is made up of compact bone, which is dense and filled with organic minerals and nutrients.
Osteoporosis is a serious disease that leads to a faster than normal loss of the bone density, which puts the bone at a higher risk for fractures. In order to understand the causes of Osteoporosis, it is important to understand how bones are formed. Bone is a living tissue that is made mainly of collagen, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate. The mixture of collagen and calcium gives the bone strength and flexibility. The body deposits new bones and removes old ones; moreover, there are two types of bone cells that control the reproduction of bones. Cells called osteoclasts breakdown bone tissues thus, damaging the bone. Once the damaged bone is removed, cells called osteoblasts, use minerals including calcium and phosphate from the blood stream to make new healthy bone tissues. In order for osteoblasts and osteoclasts to work properly, hormones such us thyroid, estrogen, testosterone, and growth hormones are
Text Box: Table 2. Humerus length and height of female student in the classText Box: Table 1. Humerus length and height of male student in the class
Describe the microscopic features of osseous tissue that help long bones withstand compressive forces without breaking.
An ankle fracture is a break in one or more of the three bones that make up the ankle joint. The ankle joint is made up by the lower (distal) sections of your lower leg bones (tibia and fibula) along with a bone in your foot (talus). Depending on how bad the break is and if more than one ankle joint bone is broken, a cast or splint is used to protect and keep your injured bone from moving while it heals. Sometimes, surgery is required to help the fracture heal properly.
The skeletal system is composed of two hundred and six bones in the human body. Functions such as the tendons, cartilage, and ligaments connect the bones and tissues together. Bone tissues make up about 18% of the weight of the human body. There are two types of tissue inside the bones. They consist of; compact bone and spongy bone. First, compact bone depicts the main shaft of long bones in the human body such as the arms and legs. Its tissue is dense and hard and it also makes up the outer layer of most bones in our body. Meanwhile, spongy bone tissue is made up of smaller plates occupied with red bone marrow. Mostly, it is found at the ends of long bones such as the head of the femur.
Support is a very important fuction as without the skeleton the body would have no means of staying upright as almost all of the body tissues are soft this helps gives the body structure. The Skeleton plays an important role in the protection of the organs for example the skull protects the brain and the ribcage protect the lungs.The skeleton assists in the movement of the body as the ligaments in the body attach bone to bone and the tendons attach muscle to bone. To create movement the muscular system and the skeletal system work together creating the musculoskeletal. The skeleton can begin to move once the muscles contract. The fifth function of the skeleton is the formation of joints, these are essential to create movement within the body. Muscle attachment allows the bones to move. This is done by the muscles attaching to the bones by tendons. Minerals such as calcium salts and phosphorus are stored in the bones. The final function of the skeletal system is the formation of blood cells; most of the blood cells for the body are produced by red bone