Bonds and Equities Defining Bonds and Equities Bonds are certificates of obligation or indebtedness, issued by governments and companies to raise funds repayable at interest over relatively long periods. Equities are investments exercised by purchasing a share in the ownership of a corporation; and are more commonly called stocks or shares (as in the stock market or share market). Bonds have a very favorable relationship with equities. Historically, when equity markets fell, bonds had gone up in value, partially offsetting the fall. When equity markets rise, interestingly, high quality bonds also tend to rise, although to a lesser extent. Therefore for an investor with equity portfolio wanting to reduce portfolio volatility or make the portfolio less susceptible to a fall in equity markets bonds are the most appropriate. Bonds generally pay a much higher income than high quality government and corporate bonds to compensate for higher risk. Similar to equities, bonds tend to perform best when economic growth is strong with low stable interest rates. In such an environment the ability of these companies to pay interest and repay their bonds on the maturity date is greatly enhanced. [Z. Bodie, 2000] Investment in bonds and equities, usually via stock-markets and other exchanges for financial instruments. So-called "portfolio investment" is usually relatively easy to re-sell; hence this type of investment can flow relatively easily into and out of a country's stock-markets. This can lead to volatility in share-prices and levels of capital availability. What’s the difference? Equities are shares listed on the stock exchange. Their prices are influenced by the underlying performance of the companies, the sectors in which they operate ...
... middle of paper ...
...easures pertaining to the micro stability of the intermediaries can be subdivided into two categories; general rules on the stability of all business enterprises and entrepreneurial activities, such as the legally required amount of capital, borrowing limits and integrity requirements; and more specific rules due to the special nature of financial intermediation, such as risk based capital ratios, limits to portfolio investments and the regulation of off-balance activities. [White 1996] References Z Bodie, A Kane and A J Marcus. "Investments". 5th Ed. Irwin 2000. E J Elton and M J Gruber. "Modern Portfolio Theory and Investment Analysis". John Wiley 5th Edition 1995. White L., 1996, "International Regulation of Securities Markets: Competition or Harmonization?” in Lo A. (ed), The Industrial organization and Regulation of the Securities Industry, NBER, Cambridge
The high yield bond is a bond that features higher returns but with a lower credit rating than typical investment-grade bonds. These bonds can also be referred to as ‘junk bonds’ that are rated as below investment grade by organizations such as Moody’s and Standard and Poor’s. [Appendix #1] Generally, companies that issue high yield bonds may receive their rating due to a few characteristics, such as being less established than typical household brands, showing weak financial performance or they may have suffered a financial setback at some point in their corporate history. Although, high yield bonds may seem to have a relatively negative reputation among investors they possess many attractive advantages which include: diversifying portfolios, greater yields, lower volatility thus makings for a good long-term investment and the fact that bondholders have priority of recovering their money over equity security holders in the case of bankruptcy. These bonds are accessible to investors either as individual issues or through the means of high-yield mutual fund investments. On the other hand, there are certainly risks involved when investing in high yield bonds, such as credit risk where there is the possibility that the issuer defaults on the principal or interest payments over the course of the term and investment in these bonds ultimately depends on how informed the investor is and the amount of risk the investor is willing to tolerate. Similar to other types of securities there is always the threat of economic downturn and risks occurring when investing in international markets, such as political and exchange rate risks. In contrast, high yield bonds are able to mitigate interest rate risks better, and are less vulnerable to drast...
The presence of systemic risk in the current United States financial system is undeniable. Systemic risks exist when the failure of one firm may topple others and destabilize the entire financial system. The firm is then "too big to fail," or perhaps more precisely, "too interconnected to fail.” The Federal Stability Oversight Council is charged with identifying systemic risks and gaps in regulation, making recommendations to regulators to address threats to financial stability, and promoting market discipline by eliminating the expectation that the US federal government will come to the assistance of firms in financial distress. Systemic risks can come through multiple forms, including counterparty risk on other financial ...
January 4th, 1898 was when the stock market was started. Everyone wanted to own part of a business. The way it worked was that the more stock you bought of one company. The more of a owner of that business you were. If that company were to become popular, than the price would go up because more people would want to be apart of owning that business. A bond is a lot different than stocks, Bonds are basically loans. At first the Stock market was conceived as a risky investment, but over time it became stronger and people started to trust it more and more. Pretty soon the New York Stock Exchange was booming with business. When more people started investing the price of stocks started to begin to increase. This occurred first in 1925. For the next year the price of stocks continued to go up and down. Then in 1927 they shot up.
Assuming that there are no costs applied, and the investors have the ability to buy and sell securities and they also have the knowledge of any change; no costs for buying or selling of securities for brokers for example. Modigliani and Miller’s assumption is that all of these capital market factors which is needed for trading of securities are all perfect.
There is a vast amount of literature available on the additional procyclicality of regulatory capital charges in Pillar 1 of Basel II. In this section, we shall briefly visit this literature and see if any conclusions can be drawn from this, before proceeding to the conclusion and mitigation of these procyclical effects. The majority of the literature, as expected, focuses primarily on the IRB approach, as this aspect of Basel II has drawn the most criticism from financial practitioners and academics alike. The greater part of this literature has found that there is an overwhelmingly substantial rise in procyclicality of minimum regulatory capital charges originating from the IRB approach. Gordy and Howells found that under the IRB approach, volatility in the capital charge, relative to the mean, is between 0.1 to 0.26 (Gordy & Howells, 2004). This follows another study by Kashyap and Stein, which shows that capital charges rose by 70-90% during the years of 1998 to 2002 dependant of the model used to calculate PD’s (Goodhart & Taylor, 2004).
Bonds should represent a larger portion of your asset allocation than they did when you were younger. Bonds provide a stable backbone and more predictable income generation than equities (Sifma). The more you have and gain while you grow up the more money you will have when you are able to take it out to go on vacations, buy what you want like homes or vehicles, and many other endless opportunities that you can get with money.First, buying a home requires a large upfront payment which can significantly reduce certain assets for a long or short time period.
Before defining the term securitization we need to distinguish between the securitization and the disintermediation terms. Gardener and Revell (1988) stated that they have huge zone of intersection whereas each is on a diverse phenomenon. Disintermediation is the opposite of direct funding where the facilities of an intermediary are given up and the borrowers and investors transact directly with each other. The connection between both terms appears when the direct funding is undertaken in terms of tradable securities. One notable characteristic of securitization is the excessive rise in the issuance of the entire types of securities, the traditional and the novel ones. For distinction, what falls under the term securitization rather than disintermediation, for instance, is loan debt that is traded from an institute to another and known as an asset-backed funding. It is important to note that there are numerous diverse securities markets where the technique of securitization has helped to introduce novel securities and markets, satisfying the missing kinds; or as called filling the gaps. Generally, the impact of securitization is to segregate severe credit risk into credit risk that is devoted to numerous notes to be passed to a purchaser. However, commonly, the bank is left with a sort of obligation (Gardener and Revell, 1988).
Capital markets are markets "where people, companies, and governments with more funds than they need (because they save some of their income) transfer those funds to people, companies, or governments who have a shortage of funds (because they spend more than their income)" (Woepking, ¶3). The two major capital markets are stock and bond markets. Capital markets promote economic efficiency by moving funds from those who do not have an immediate need for it to those who do. Individuals or companies will put money at risk if the return on the intended investment is greater than the return of holding risk-free assets. An example of this would be those that invest in real estate or purchase stocks and bonds. Those that invest want the stock, bond, or real estate to grow in value or appreciate. An example of this concept would be if an individual or company invested an amount saved over the course of a year. While investing may be riskier, these individuals hope that the investment will yield a greater return than leaving the money in a savings account drawing nominal interest. In this example the companies that issue the stocks or bonds have spending needs that exceed their income so the company will finance their spending needs by issuing securities in the capital markets. This is a method of direct finance because the "companies borrowed directly by issuing securities to investors in the capital markets" (Woepking, ¶5).
The concept of liquidity has been a complex financial concept. However, the characteristics of asset that are liquid are observable. In its simplest form, liquidity implies the ease at which a financial asset trades. Liquidity of any market is characterized by the ability of investors to buy and sell securities easily. Illiquidity occurs when an asset or securities cannot be transacted quickly and converted into cash (Clark 2008). According to Pastor and Stambaugh (2002), liquidity denotes the ability to trade large quantities quickly, at low cost, and without moving the price. Liquidity plays a great role in attempting to resolving a number of asset pricing puzzles such as the small-firm effect, the equity premium puzzle, and the risk-free rate puzzle (Amihud, Mendelson and Pedersen, 2005).
Financial intermediaries are common across the entire financial world. A financial intermediary is an institution that borrows money from people who have saved and in turn makes loans to others, acting as a middleman between investors and firms raising money. Common institutions that conduct the intermediary actions are commercial banks, credit unions, insurance companies, mutual funds, and finance companies. These institutions are an integral part to the overall health and functionality of the world financial market.
Global debt crisis is essentially widespread globally. There are different issues that can cause debt crises. Currently, different countries around the world are facing debt crises, and definitely that is because of an error in the banking system. We’ll see below what are the main causes briefly and what are really the objectives that lead to a collapse in the banking system or so financial crisis.
Ferguson et al. International financial stability. Geneva: International Center for Monetary and Banking Studies, 2007. Print.
After reading through and overviewing the first topic, “Getting Started,” I came to the conclusion that finance is much more of a broad topic than what I originally imagined. I have always been thinking about my future, and finance was the perfect subject to help me even more.In order to have a successful life, we need to plan ahead and thing of every possible aspect in which we are going to live our lives. The way we plan our lives is the way it will go. The sooner we plan our finances the better off we will be. That is why I started off planning my future as soon as I was in high school. Financial planning goes beyond the simple saving and spending, it is the most important decisions one has to make to make sure they have a successful future.
There are two main ways to raise money for a project, growing business, or startup company: debt financing and equity financing. Debt financing includes long-term loans, while equity financing is the process of raising capital through the sale of shares in an enterprise. It is essentially the sale of an ownership interest to raise funds for business purposes.
Machiraju, H. R. , 2002. International Financial Markets And India. 1st ed. New Delhi: New Age International.