Blood Typing And Blood Types
explanatory Essay
919 words
Blood typing is a blood group of substances that is present on the surface of red blood cells. The substances are important reason being it contains specific amino acids and carbohydrates which are antigenic. In general there are about 29 different substances on the surface of red blood cells. Taking a look at individual blood type with many different aspects of blood group antigens. Usually only the ABO blood group together with the rhesus D antigen factor is used to describe blood typing. If a recipient were to be exposed to blood group antigen that’s not recognised by the immune system, the recipient, however becomes sensitised and the process of antibodies is produced by the immune system to bind to the specific blood group antigen. During this process a memory is formed by the immune system against this particular antigen as to a second exposure that could arise. The antibodies that are produced binds to the antigens on the surface of the red blood cells, thus leading to the destruction of cells and organ failure. Blood typing is extremely important in identifying appropriate blood for transfusion and tissue organ transplantation.
What is the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities?
How do surface antigens relate to blood types?
In this particular discussion we will be comparing the different blood groups and how they are structured in preventing complications.
• Blood group AB has both A and B antigens located on the surfaces of red blood cells, however not located in the blood plasma. This particular blood group may receive blood products from group A or B but not permitting to donate to any other blood groups besides AB.
• Blood group A has A antigens located on the surfaces of r...
... middle of paper ...
...itive for reaction, blood would not be issued until further investigation reveals results. Ideally blood grouping and cross-matching should be accomplished within 40 minutes if no incompatibility found. In the event that incompatible blood detected, blood should be withheld until antigen/antibodies identified. In hospital settings, it is difficult to determine on clinical judgement between transfusion reactions, therefore medical practitioners rely on cute symptoms during transfusion tractions.
Transfusion Reaction
Clinical symptoms
Chills
Fever
Tachycardia
Chest tightness
Lumbar pains
Short of breath
Vomiting/Nausea
Jaundice
Hypotensive
Which group is the universal donor and why?
The universal group is known as O+ or O-, reason being is that this unique group comprises of no agglutinogens, but has anti – A and anti – B antibodies in plasma concentration.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that blood typing is a blood group of substances that is present on the surface of red blood cells.
- Explains that in this discussion we will be comparing the different blood groups and how they are structured in preventing complications.
- Explains that blood group ab has both a and b antigens located on the surfaces of red blood cells, but not located in the blood plasma.
- Explains that blood group a has a antigens located on the surfaces of red blood cells, in addition to igm antibodies in plasma concentration.
- Explains that blood group b has b antigens located on the surfaces of red blood cells in addition to igm antibodies in plasma concentration.
- Explains that blood group o has neither a nor b antigens located on the surfaces of red blood cells. they may donate blood products to any abo groups and receive blood from o groups only.
- Explains that the most abundant immunoglobulins in plasma concentration are the igg, which contains 12g/l equal to that between extra cellular and intravascular compartments.
- Explains that the rh factor is a group of 52 antigens that are found in plasma concentrations.
- Explains that incompatible blood transfusion occurs when the recipient's plasma agglutinins attack the red blood cells causing haemolysis.
- Explains that the universal group is known as o+ or o-, because it comprises of no agglutinogens, but has anti – a and anti-b antibodies in plasma concentration.
Related
- explanatory
- comparative
- analytical
- ABO Blood Framework Essayexplanatory essayAny illness that expands the body's interest for RBCs may debilitate the statement of ABO blood group antigens, su as Thalassemia. Also, ABO blood group antigens can be modified by hematological diseases that can adjust the sugar chains that bear the ABO blood group antigens, loaning to the utilization of the A and B antigens as tumor markers for intense leukemia, myeloproliferative disarranges, and myelodysplasia[5].
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the abo blood framework is broadly credited to the austrian researcher karl landsteiner, who discovered three diverse blood classifications in 1900.
- Explains that the czech serologist jan jansk spearheaded the characterization of human blood into four gatherings in 1907, though landsteiner's free revelation had been acknowledged by the investigative world.
- Explains how jansk's arrangement is being used today. ludwik hirszfeld and e. von dungern found the heritability of abo blood groups in 1910–11.
- Explains that abo and rhesus (rh) blood bunch antigens are innate characters and are helpful in populace hereditary studies, inquiring about populate movement designs, and determining medicolegal issues.
- Explains that immunosyytem shapes antibodies against the abo blood group antigens that are not found on the individual's rbcs.
- Explains that the abo locus has three fundamental alleleic shapes: a, b, and o.
- Explains that the o allele encodes a chemical with no capacity, leaving the fundamental antecedent (the h antigen) unaltered.
- Explains that the abo blood group antigens are viewed as rbc, but they are communicated on a wide assortment of human tissues.
- Explains that every human rbc communicates around 2 million abo blood group antigens.
- Explains that various sicknesses may adjust a man's abo phenotype. patients should not get blood items that contain the b antigen on the grounds that their sera will even now contain against b.
- Explains that any illness that expands the body's interest for rbcs may debilitate the statement of abo blood group antigens, su as thalassemia.
- Explains that the elements of the abo blood group antigens are not known. people who don't have them are solid, recommending that any capacity they have is not essential.
- Opines that no diseases are known from the absence of articulation of abo blood group antigens, but the powerlessness to various infections has been connected with a man's phenotype.
- Analyzes the relationship between the abo phenotype and the level of two proteins required in blood coagulating, element vii (fviii) and von willebrand element (vwf).
- Opines that the standard routine of blood transfusion and cross coordinating blood types should anticipate unfavorable responses brought on by abo antibodies. however, administrative mistake can bring about "the wrong blood" being transfused into a patient.
- Explains that anit-a and anti-b in the beneficiary's serum ties to their comparing antigens on the transfused rbcs. these antibodies fix supplement and cause fast intravascular hemolysis, setting off an intense hemolytic transfusion response.
- Explains that most instances of hemolytic disease of the infant (hdn) that emerge from an abo contrarily require no treatment. extreme hemolysis that require trade transfusions are less normal, and fetal hydrops is uncommon.
- Explains that hdn brought on by abo antibodies happens only in babies of blood group a or b who are concieved from group o moms.
- Explains that fetal rbcs don't express grown-up levels of a and b antigens, so the level of hemolysis and hence the seriousness of hdn can be eccentric.
- Explains that the abo locus encodes glycosyltransferases that incorporate a and b antigens on rbcs, while the h antigenic must be available.
- Explains that the abo locus is situated on chromosome 9 at 9q34.1-q34.2 and contains 7 exons that traverse more than 18 kb of genomic dna.
- Explains that the a and b alleles contrast from each other by seven nucleotide substitutions, four of which decipher into various amino acids in the quality item. the buildups at positions 266 and 268 decide a or b specificity of the glycosyltransferase
- Analyzes how the o allele contrasts from the a by erasure of guanine at position 261. the cancellation causes a frameshift and results in interpretation of an altogether distinctive protein that needs enzymatic movement.
- Explains that variation abo alleles encode various variation phenotypes, but they don't encode specific antigens other than a and b. the h locus is situated on chromosome 19 at 19q13.3.
- Explains that people who are homozygous for invalid alleles at this locus (h/h) don't create h antigen, and in light of the fact that h is a vital forerunner to the abo blood group, cannot deliver a and b antibodies.
2168 wordsRead More - Blood Transfusion Essayexplanatory essayThe blood types are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens. Because of the antigens and the antibodies that the blood cells have, some are not compatible with the others. For example, people with type A blood will have the A antigen on the surface of their red cells. Type A blood contains an anti-B antibody, so if type B blood is transfused into a patient with type A blood, the blood will agglutinate. Individuals with type O blood do not produce ABO antigens, so they are universal donors but can only receive type O blood. The discovery of ABO blood types made blood transfusion procedures much safer for patients and greatly improved the success rate of blood
In this essay, the author
- Explains that blood transfusions are potentially life-saving procedure that can help replace lost blood due to surgery or injury. blood has been used as a form of therapy for various ailments since the 17th century.
- Explains that a blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or blood components from one person, the donor, into another person's bloodstream, known as the recipient.
- Explains that the first research into blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when william harvey studied the hearts and blood of dogs and other animals.
- Describes how austrian physician karl landsteiner conducted experiments with blood samples taken from his colleagues in 1900 and 1901 at the university of vienna.
- Explains that blood types are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens and the antibodies that the blood cells have.
- Explains that blood is an incredibly valuable resource. the discovery of abo blood types made huge advances in blood transfusions and medicine overall.
705 wordsRead More - White Blood Cells Essayexplanatory essayThe four main types of blood are A, B, AB, and O. If a person is given the wrong blood type, the antibodies destroy the cells. A and B are the two types of antigens. If on red blood cells you have the A antigen, you will have type A blood, if you have type B blood on the red blood cells, then you have type B blood, and if you have neither, your blood type is O. If you have type A blood, you have the opposite type of antib...
In this essay, the author
- Explains the five main types of white blood cells: neutrophils, monocyte, basophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil.
- Explains that the four main types of blood are a, b, ab, and o. if a person is given the wrong blood type, the antibodies destroy the cells.
- Explains the five types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries, venules and arterioles.
- Explains that red blood cells transport the essential oxygen and carbon dioxide we need throughout the body. when the blood distributes into and through the lungs, the cells diffuse the capillary beds of organs and tissues.
- Explains that platelets are the first to react to a cut or wound on the body.
- Explains that the a-v are open when the heart is relaxed, and are closed when blood has entered the left atrium and divided through into the right ventricle.
- Explains that an ecg, or electrocardiogram, measures the electrical activity of the heart, and evaluates your heartbeat, letting you know if there is anything irregular about it.
- Explains that when the heart beats, it is called systolic pressure, while when it's resting, the two pressures make up the numbers of your blood pressure.
- Explains that the heart is a special type of muscle. it fills with blood before each beat and contracts to get the blood circulating.
994 wordsRead More - Essay On Blood Typingexplanatory essayThere are four different types of blood; A, B, AB, and O. This is called the ABO blood typing system. All four different types of blood serve the same purpose of transporting nutrients and oxygen throughout the human body. But what makes them different? Blood typing is based on the presence or absence of A and B cell antigens which trigger antibodies. Each kind of blood has it’s own antibody or immunoglobulin, which are proteins produced by the immune system to help stop intruders from invading your body. Therefore,
In this essay, the author
- Explains that blood typing is based on the presence or absence of a and b cell antigens which trigger antibodies. o blood is the most unique of the four types of blood.
- Explains how the words antigen and gen can be confusing, but it's easier to remember that the one that stimulates or produces the antibody to fight the foreign material. the rh factor has saved many lives and killed many babies.
- Explains that there is another antigen on the surface of red blood cells called the rh factor, which is named after the rhesus monkey in which it was first discovered.
- Explains that a complete blood count test is done for various reasons, such as to review your overall health, diagnose medical conditions, and monitor medical treatment. an abnormal increase or decrease in cell counts indicates an underlying medical condition that needs further evaluation.
- Explains that blood is important in the human body, transporting oxygen and nutrients, and using antigens and antibodies helps fight off bad foreign materials. however, blood can be deadly to mothers and unborn children.
697 wordsRead More - Blood Transfusion Essayexplanatory essayBlood safety is an important issue. People end up needing blood transfusions for many reasons that all mean they have already entered the medical system needing care for injuries or disease, yet there is a risk that their treatment can hurt or even kill them. Public health has made tremendous strides in blood safety over the past few decades, but there is still more that needs to be done. Because of how broad the donation system is, individual treatment of these adverse reactions is not a good preventative measure and instead this must be seen as a public health issue. Increased reporting, studies, and analysis should be done to decrease the number of adverse reactions to blood and blood products.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that blood transfusions have become a common part of medical care with nearly 5 million americans receiving them every year.
- States that the cdc has established a hemovigilance module to track adverse reactions to blood transfusions for the purpose of understanding the reactions and developing interventions.
- Explains that the causes of these conditions are varied and the behaviors associated with them are also varied. people should attempt to avoid injuries and surgeries and those with anemia can learn coping and management strategies for their conditions.
- Explains that blood safety is an important public health matter. the fda and cdc's blood safety surveillance module in the nhsn collects information on adverse reactions and other incidents.
- Explains that transfusion-transmitted infections play an important role in the history of blood safety. hiv/aids epidemic led to screening procedures, new guidelines for blood and product safety, and studies like the retrovirus epidemiology donor study.
- Opines that the sudden emergence of hiv paints a grim picture of the bloodborne disease in the transfusion community.
- Explains epidemiologists can help reduce adverse reactions to blood products and continue preparedness efforts.
- Explains epidemiology can be used to gain awareness and react to new and recurring bloodborne diseases that can impact the safety of transfusing blood.
- Opines that public health has made tremendous strides in blood safety over the past few decades, but there is still more that needs to be done.
2222 wordsRead More - Blood Transfusion Essayexplanatory essayAlthough blood transfusions had been used before the First World War, many were not successful due to lack of knowledge in this type of treatments. World War I pushed the development of blood transfusions, allowing them to be safer. Before the war in the 17th century, blood transfusions often occurred with the use of animal blood, a practice that did not achieve desired results. These transfusions often times came from sheep, and although they were sometimes successful, it was discovered that any large amounts of transfusions would cause death. Coming to the conclusion that animal blood transfusions did not save lives, scientists looked to humans for human to human transfusions. Many of these attempted transfusions were met with failure but in 1818, Dr. James Blundell accomplished the first successful human blood transfusion; four ounces of blood were transferred to the patient from her husband. From that moment on, doctors began to learn even more about blood transfusions and how to do them properly. By 1901, the four human blood groups were discovered by Karl Landsteiner; with less differences in the bloods transfused together, coagulation and clumping amounts decreased. This benefited many lives in that toxic reactions to the wrong types of blood did not occu...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that before wwi, the practice of medicine was far from how it has developed into today. however, with the beginning of the first world war, there was a great push to improve these methods.
- Explains that blood transfusions had been used before the first world war, but many were not successful due to lack of knowledge in this type of treatments.
- Explains that although blood transfusions were considered safe by the beginning of wwi, no one knew the easiest ways to donate blood, so more adjustments were made during the war.
- Explains that blood transfusions were deemed necessary when patients had severe hemorrhage or shock, needed operations, had received carbon monoxide poisoning, or had chronic wound infection or septicemia.
- Explains that while blood transfusions were important to wwi, so too were x-rays. marie curie, a physicist and chemist discovered that the larger an object, the more radioactivity it will contain
- Explains curie's use of x-rays during the war saved the lives of many wounded men; it also saved many from long suffering and lasting infirmity.
- Explains that more soldiers died from catching diseases than a battle wound. even with some knowledge of diseases, it was impossible for doctors to know how and if the diseases were preventable.
- Explains that vaccines were recommended, but not forced, which may have been a reason for many deaths caused by these illnesses. treatments of clean dry socks were assigned to soldiers when they became plagued with trench fever.
- Explains that the first world war was the use of chemical warfare, such as poison gas, phosgene, and mustard gas.
- Explains that the introduction of mustard gas in the first world war caused many more deaths, much more painfully. this gas was considered more fatal than phosgene or chlorine gas.
- Explains that the survival rate of exposure to poisonous gases was low because doctors did not know how to treat patients with symptoms of gas exposure.
- Explains that sanitation on the battlefield and in hospitals played a very significant role in the war.
- Explains that hospitals were different from what one might expect. the triage area was where it was decided if soldiers needed to go to the hospital or not.
- Explains the concept of the "golden hour," which relayed the belief that soldiers needed to receive treatment within 60 minutes of being injured, so as to have the best chances of survival.
- Explains that sodium hypochlorite and salt could keep wounds clean, but pain was insignificant compared to pain while in surgery. inflamed, infected tissue was drained and cut off the body.
- Explains that due to the lack of knowledge about many ailments, advances in hospitals were completed, as well as clinics for rehabilitation and new knowledge was gained on the matter of reconstructive surgery.
1870 wordsRead More - Iga Essaycomparative essaySecond to IgG, IgA is the most profuse isotype o an antibody that is found in the blood c...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that iga is a prominent immunodeficiency. it is produced in two different subclasses and the functions of both are not evidently understood.
- Explains that iga deficiency can be described as a reduction in the levels or lack of the serum, only when there are typical serum levels of both igm and g in patients that are over the age of 4 years.
- Explains that iga is the most profuse isotype o an antibody that is found in the blood circulation. it may play a role in regulating the immune system via neutrophil chemotaxis inhibition.
- Explains that many patients with iga deficiencies can be recognized within blood banks and most individuals are asymptomatic.
- Explains that individuals who are iga deficient most commonly have bacterial infections that cause respiratory infections.
- Explains that patients who are iga deficient are more susceptible to gastrointestinal infections because nonindigenous organisms can inhabit the digestive tract.
- Explains that allergic disorders are common among people who are iga deficient. related allergies include respiratory allergies, foo hypersensitivity, and drug allergies.
- Explains that many patients experience autoantibodies that react against certain compounds. recurrent infections are the result of autoimmunity related to iga deficiency.
- Explains that an iga deficiency can be transferred from one individual to another via bone marrow transplant, but it is not able to fully develop and remains immature.
- Recommends that patients who experience gastrointestinal infections, autoimmune disorders, and reoccurring respiratory infections be taken into consideration for iga deficiency.
- Recommends keeping or wearing medical bracelets if an individual iga deficient in the case of an emergency where a blood transfusion may be necessary.
- Explains that patients who are iga deficient have a suitable prognosis as long as it does not become related to major, life altering disease.
845 wordsRead More - “Sickle Cell Disease & Thalassemia”explanatory essayTwo of the most common blood disorders among humans are the ‘Sickle Cell Disease’ and ‘Thalassemia.’ Both the diseases have a lot in common, while their distinctive characteristics made them two completely different diseases.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that sickle cell disease and thalassemia are two of the most common blood disorders among humans.
- Explains that sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene.
- Explains that the'sickled' cells, no longer flexible but anomalously rigid, are unable to move freely through the blood capillaries, creating obstruction in the regular blood flow.
- Explains that thalassemia is a disorder caused by the weakening and destruction of the red blood cells, which results in mild or severe anemia.
- Explains that thalassemia occurs when there is a defect in the production of hemoglobin proteins.
- Explains that the lack of rbc and hemoglobin is characterised as anemia, so both ‘sickle cell disease’ and ‘thalassemia’ are different forms.
- Explains that sickle cell disease and thalassemia are hereditary diseases. both parents must be carriers of the disease.
- Explains that sickle-cell disease occurs more commonly among people whose ancestors lived in tropical and subtropical regions where malaria was common. thalassemia has its origin in areas with high malaria risk.
- Explains that bone marrow transplant at a younger age has almost eighty percent possibility of curing the diseases. multiple blood transfusion leads to excess iron content in the blood which has to be removed by medication.
- Explains that while ‘sickle cell disease’ and ‘thalassemia’ are separate diseases, they have a lot in common.
818 wordsRead More - Surgical Improvements from World War Oneanalytical essay...onor very important to the process of transfusion. Finding willing donors was not the difficulty, finding perfect candidates was. The ideal candidate would be eighteen to twenty-five because a younger man would less likely have diseases. Once a blood donor is chosen, their blood is tested with the Wassermann Reaction test which determined if a donor had syphilis or other diseases. The donor blood is also tested to see which recipient their blood is compatible with. This is much like current day donor/recipient matching where certain blood types can be used on certain blood types. If a blood transfusion were to fail, the recipient could suffer side effects like blood in the urine, urticarial rash, vomiting, and headaches. If a patient suffered from hemoglobinuria, rapid increasing of hemoglobin or damaged corpuscles they would die from suppression of urine. (Keynes)
In this essay, the author
- Explains that world war i was a war of innovation with new artillery and tactics, and ten million soldiers died in or injured from battle. surgery evolved and new techniques were developed, making an injury that could kill someone survivable.
- Analyzes how surgeons faced more problems during world war i, such as patient to staff ratio, lack of space, shortage of supplies, and variation of injuries.
- Explains that the lack of space and the variations of injuries caused continuous problems for surgeons.
- Explains the two types of blood transfusion used during world war i: direct and indirect. crile's method ensures that the vessels do not oculate at the junction.
- Explains that there are three methods of transfusion: syringes, kimpton's tubes, and anticoagulants.
1047 wordsRead More - The Human Blood Transfusionexplanatory essayBlood transfusions allow for infected blood cells to be cycled out and replaced by fresh new blood cells in hope that hemoglobin levels will be restored within the body. When treating a person with liver disease it’s almost routine for them to experience several blood transfusions a month in order to help restore properly working blood cells back into their bodies. Blood transfusions are also a more structurally sound medical procedure when compared to several medications or radiation therapy alternatives, which can in turn cause a number of other problems. Another example of a disease that can be supported by the cycling of blood is Anemia. There several different types of anemia including aplastic, fanconi, hemolytic, and sickle cell anemia. The Mayo Clinic describes Anemia as “condition in which you don't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the body's tissues”. Hematologists have been prescribing their anemia patients with several blood transfusions a month in hopes of training their bodies to make proper working blood cells once again. A study posted in the Journal of Palliative Medicine was conducted on 64 volunteer patients with several different forms of anemia to see if blood transfusions would benefit their hemoglobin values over a 15-day period. It turns out that 95 percent of the patients had some
In this essay, the author
- Explains that dr. jean-baptiste denys' blood transfusions ushered in a new era of medicine and laid the foundation for modern advances in hematology.
- Explains that the idea of donating blood over the course of the day was a radical and dangerous one. the idea was refuted by william harvey in 17th century.
- Explains that hematologists discovered that the right side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the veins and pushed it into the lungs. the nobel prize in physiology was awarded to austrian native karl landsteiner for his efforts in discovering the four blood groups
- Describes how dr. bernard fantus created the first blood bank in the united states, which changed the course of medicine and human mortality forever.
- Explains that blood donation helps balance out the iron levels within the body and reduce the amount of iron building up in the arteries. while there are countless health benefits to blood transfusions, it's still not 100% bullet proof or perfect.
- Explains that blood transfusions allow for infected blood cells to be cycled out and replaced by fresh, healthy, and healthy blood. anemia can be supported by the cycling of blood, which is the last line of defense for critically ill patients.
- Opines that the discovery of blood transfusion has changed the course of history forever, but it will take time, government funding, and a combined effort of several organizations working together to fix some of its more fundamental problems.
1588 wordsRead More