First discovered in ox bile, taurine is an important sulfur containing β-amino acid. Taurine is found in many cells and tissues of mammal bodies including but not limited to: platelets, retina of the eye, smooth muscle, and the central nervous system (Hilton, 1988). It is a component of bile, strengthens the immune system, fortifies the myocardium of the heart and stabilizes cardiac rhythm, protects from diabetes, and improves vision (Bondareva et al. 2008). Deficiency in taurine can lead to clinical health issues for mammals, specifically primates and felids. The prime way to combat these health issues is to feed diets that are rich in taurine to prevent them from occurring and to reverse early symptoms.
The primary way of biosynthesis of taurine is from the metabolism of methionine and cysteine in the liver. Cysteinesulphonic acid is decarboxylated into hypotaurine, which is then oxidized to produce taurine (Hilton, 1988). For most mammals biosynthesis of taurine is effective in keeping levels high enough for healthy functioning. However, in primates and felids one of the intermediate steps of this metabolism is too slow and cannot produce taurine faster than it can be expended and expelled. This limiting step is the decarboxylation of cysteinesulphonic acid (Hilton, 1988).
Due to the lax production by biosynthesis, taurine is manufactured for supplementation in feed for felids. Both the United States and Japan found very effective methods in synthesizing taurine (Bondareva et al. 2008). The United States method’s involved a preparation of ethylene oxide and sodium hydrosulfite into isothionic acid salt. Amination of isothionic acid salt at raised pressure then led to the production of taurine. Japan’s method of ta...
... middle of paper ...
...t cats (Burger and Barnett, 1982).
Taurine is an extremely important essential amino acid that facilitates many processes in cats. Deficiency in taurine can lead to severe clinical issues such as feline central retina degeneration, which if not treated early enough can lead to blindness. Deficiency also leads to dilated cardiomyopathy that, if also left untreated, can lead to heart failure (Taurine in Cats). Taurine is found in many locations throughout the feline anatomy and it plays a major role in many daily functions, such as digestion of lipids. If it were not for the supplementation in the feline diet, they would experience numerous deficits and likely not be able to survive or develop properly. Preparation of feed is key in making sure there is a high enough concentration of taurine for a healthy life in home-cooked diets as well as store bought feed.
Furthermore, equations obtained for carcass parameters were CY = 74.914 + 2.592 * (1-e – (8.218 * DL-Met + 3.976 * MHA-Ca)), AF = 2.246 + 0.573 * (1-e – (8.063 * DL-Met + 7.813* MHA-Ca)) and BY = 23.508 + 5.460 * (1-e – (5.546 * DL-Met + 3.131 * MHA-Ca)). Where CY is carcass yield, AF is abdominal fat and BY is breast yield. Thus, bioavailability of HMA-Ca relative to DL-Met were 52.43% for BWG and 57.48% for FC. Biological efficacies for CY, AF and BY were 42.57%, 87.02% and 49.69%, respectively. These results show that bioavailability of HMA-Ca relative to DL-Met are 54.955% for performance and 59.76% for carcass parameters on a product
Vitamin B12 is a cofactor for methionine synthase, which regenerates methionine from homocysteine and participa...
There is a wealth of evidence showing that animal “models” are not accurate and cannot be relied upon for safety testing and disease research. Scientists and doctors recognize that while animals are biologically very similar to human beings, they are not identical.
Many critics, who have no scientific background, would argue that data collected by Theo Colborn and other scientist to test the endocrine disruption hypothesis cannot be used to explain persistent and latent issues in humans. However, this is not the case. From a cellular and molecular standpoint, there is no fundamental difference between any other animal and humans. This is especially true when it comes to the embryonic development of organism such as the chick, frog, rat, turtle, and human fetus as all appear similar and develop typically in the same manner as one another. For this reason, animals are continuously used as test subjects for products intended for use by humans. The processes by which we develop, how our immune systems responded to changes, and cells communicate are all essentially the same.
Zilka, N., Stozicka, Z., Kovac, A., Pilipcinec, E., Bugos, O., and Novak, M. (2009). Human misfolded truncated tau protein promotes activation of microglia and leukocyte infiltration in the transgenic rat model of tauopathy. Journal of neuroimmunology 209, 16-25.
Sherding, Robert G. The Cat Diseases and Clinical Management. 2nd Edition. Vol. 1. 1994. p 30-31, 233.
of titrant used. In the case of amino acids, the titrant will be both an acid
The research into the effect Vitamin A has on Alzheimer’s disease needs to be furthered. One avenue to further it would be examining retinoic acids in vivo. This would allow the retinoid mechanisms of action and their receptors in Alzheimer’s disease to be better understood. Another method to further research would be to study the affect retinoic acid has on amyloid β in Alzheimer’s disease using different techniques, such as histopathological observation.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2009). Folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 150, 626–631.
...W.H Kwok, D.K.K Leung, T.S.M Wan, and A.S.Y Wong. "Metabolic Studies of Turinabol in Horses."Analytica Chimica Acta. 586 (2007): 208-216. Print.
In the beginning of our experiment of the synthesis of aspirin, we believed that if the catalyst increases in Ka value, i.e. acidity, and the conjugate base(s) do not react, then the percent yield of aspirin will increase when percent yield is a function of the acidity of the catalyst. While performing the experiment, we discovered that the sulfuric acid dissociated the most, which allowed the substance to have the greatest percent yield. This is due to the fact that the increased dissociation allows for more hydrogen protons to be donated.
Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that plays an important role in DNA synthesis and nerve function. It is contained in high amounts in animal derived foods such as milk, eggs, and meat. The vitamin is stored in the liver long-term. Individuals with vegetarian, vegan, or other forms of restricted diet may develop the condition after approximately 6 months as liver stores of vitamin B12 become depleted. Some individuals develop the condition due to autoimmune destruction of cells in the stomach that produce intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is necessary for proper absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.
Carruth, Allison. Culturing Food: Bioart and In Vitro Meat." Parallax 19.1 (2013): 88-100. Print. The. Chiles, Robert.
Abstract: Enzymes are catalysts therefore we can state that they work to start a reaction or speed it up. The chemical transformed due to the enzyme (catalase) is known as the substrate. In this lab the chemical used was hydrogen peroxide because it can be broken down by catalase. The substrate in this lab would be hydrogen peroxide and the enzymes used will be catalase which is found in both potatoes and liver. This substrate will fill the active sites on the enzyme and the reaction will vary based on the concentration of both and the different factors in the experiment. Students placed either liver or potatoes in test tubes with the substrate and observed them at different temperatures as well as with different concentrations of the substrate. Upon reviewing observations, it can be concluded that liver contains the greater amount of catalase as its rates of reaction were greater than that of the potato.
Many cures and treatments for illnesses have been created by animal testing for decades. According to the California Biomedical Research Association, many scientific breakthroughs have been recorded by the contribution of animal testing (“Should Animals Be Used for Scientific or Commercial Testing?”). For