2.5 Microbial production of biosurfactants
Biosurfactants are produced by a variety of microbes, secreted either extracellularly or attached to parts of cells. A variety of organisms like bacteria, yeast and fungi are used for production. Biosurfactants are strain dependent, depending on the organism and strain, type of biosurfactants is produced. Maximizing productivity or minimizing production costs demands the use of process-optimization strategies that involve multiple factors. The conventional method of medium optimization involves varying one variable at a time, while keeping the others at fixed levels; yet, this method is laborious, time consuming and does not assure the determination of the optimal conditions for metabolite production. To tackle this problem and make the optimization process easier, a statistical optimization strategy based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been used by various investigators: this method
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109 bbl), Canada (2950. 109 bbl), Iraq (10. 109 bbl), Iran (29. 109 bbl) etc. Many bacterial strains can be isolated from these oil deposits that can be used to produce biosurfactants for oil recovery. Rsan-ver, a strain of P. aeruginosa was isolated, which was used for the development of a continuous process for biosurfactant production, identified as rhamnolipids [92]. A medium for production was designed in continuous culture by means of medium shifts, since the formation of surface active compounds was influenced by the composition and concentration of the medium components. Presence of yeast extract showed poor biosurfactant production and nitrogen-source nitrate, was found to be better to ammonium. A carbon-to-phosphate ratio below 16 yielded the maximum production of rhamnolipids. Medium containing 18.2 g of glucose/L, gave up to 1.5 g/L biosurfactant concentration (expressed as rhamnolipids) in the cell-free culture
To begin the study, I first calculated how much of each solution I would need. I knew that the final volume of my reaction solution needed to me 30ml, so I calculated how much of starch, amylase, and tris buffer I would need. I used the formula Concentration (initial stock solution) x Volume (initial stock solution)= Concentration (final solution) x Volume (final solution). Using this formula, I found that I would need an initial concentration of 21 ml of starch, 1 ml of amylase, and 8 ml of the tris buffer. After calculating the amounts of substances I would need, I created two different solutions, one with the Carb Cutter and one without. Carb Cutter claims to block starch, however, to find this I needed to test the absorbance level of the control to compare the effect Carb Cutter had on the solution. Below is a graph showing the concentration of the control reaction over one minute intervals through the
Acting as the controlled group to lessen the effects of all variables except the independent variable, at 0% concentration, the height of foam produced is 0 mm. Attributions to these results is because at 0% substrate concentration, no molecules were present to occupy all the available active sites. As an outcome, the final volume of oxygen is none since there were no collisions taken place between the enzymes and substrate. Therefore, prevented the number of collisions to reach the activation energy.
For example, incubating the samples at different temperatures would create more data points to establish an optimal temperature. From the results in the experiment in this study, it is known as temperature increases, enzymatic activity increase, and vise versa. However, what can not be observed is at what point does the increase in temperature begin to denature the enzyme, above 60°C. Furthermore, assays can be preformed to determine optimal pH, as well. From Dutta’s, and his partners, experiment it shows that there is a range where the Heliodiaptomus viduus’s lactase shows the most activity, which is between 5.0 and 6.0
The independent variable for this experiment is the enzyme concentration, and the range chosen is from 1% to 5% with the measurements of 1, 2, 4, and 5%. The dependant variable to be measured is the absorbance of the absorbance of the solution within a colorimeter, Equipments: Iodine solution: used to test for present of starch - Amylase solution - 1% starch solution - 1 pipette - 3 syringes - 8 test tubes – Stop clock - Water bath at 37oc - Distilled water- colorimeter Method: = == ==
The purpose of this investigation is to test the effects of multiple sugar substances on the respiration of yeast. Most people think of yeast when they think of what makes bread rise, cheese, alcoholic beverages, or other food products. Another type of yeast can also cause yeast infections, an infection of the skin. Yeasts (Saccharomyces) are tiny, microscopic organisms with a thin membrane and are usually oval or circular-shaped. They are a type of single-celled fungi of the class Ascomycetes, capable of processing sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ; this process is known as fermentation. Fermentation and the products are the main focus points for this experiment being that cellular respiration of yeasts happens via the process of fermentation, which creates by-products of alcohol and CO2. The level of CO2 produced by the yeasts will show how effective each sugar substance is in providing cellular energy for the yeasts.
During the late 1990s Biopure Corporation was caught in an ominous predicament. Since 1984, Biopure spent over $200 million developing a blood substitute called Hemopure, a product with the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood except without many of the disadvantages that are part of donated blood. However, midway into research they also discovered Oxyglobin (Oxy), a derivative of their main product that was applicable in animals. A few years later, the FDA approved Oxy and thus making the drug available in the veterinarian market while Hemopure still required at least 2 more years to market. Although the production of Oxy seemed like a positive outcome, Biopure was concerned that the immediate release of Oxyglobin will negatively affect the acceptable
at a volume of 4cm3. The preliminary work also proved to me that my basic method worked without any setbacks that may affect my results. Variables:.. The variables involved in the rate of reaction between amylase and starch are. The volume of amylase The volume of starch
The three-dimensional contour limits the number of substrates that can possibly react to only those substrates that can specifically fit the enzyme surface. Enzymes have an active site, which is the specific indent caused by the amino acid on the surface that fold inwards. The active site only allows a substrate of the exact unique shape to fit; this is where the substance combines to form an enzyme- substrate complex. Forming an enzyme-substrate complex makes it possible for substrate molecules to combine to form a product. In this experiment, the product is maltose.
Normally, emulsified water is generally present in crude oil as a result of the mixing occurring during production operations and referred to as oil field emulsion. This emulsion can be encountered at numerous stages include during drilling, producing, transporting and processing of crude oil. However, the formation of emulsion creates problems in oil field industry. They might increase the cost of production and also transportation; accumulate in the refinery tank age, pipeline corrosion, equipment failure, plugged pipeline. For economic and operational reasons, it is necessary to remove water completely from the crude oil emulsion before refining and transporting those. In order to separate the water content of the produced crude oils, the emulsions have to be broken through demulsification process.
Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to explore the different factors which effect enzyme activity and the rates of reaction, such as particle size and temperature.
Biodiesel is produced by subjecting the triglycerides found in vegetables oils and fats to transesterification, which is the exchanging of the alkoxy group of an ester compound by another alcohol. This creates an ox...
Yang, S.-S., Guo, W.-Q., Zhou, X.-J., Meng, Z.-H., Liu, B., Ren, N.-Q., 2011. Optimization of operating parameters for sludge process reduction under alternating aerobic/oxygen-limited conditions by response surface methodology. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 9843–9851.
Addition of air and mechanical mixing to enchance the growth of bacteria and ficilitate subsequent waste reduction
A biofilm is a layer consisting of various combinations of many different organisms, autotrophic and heterotrophic. They are dense, organized communities of cells, encased in a self-produced slime. The bacteria grow together in water like atmospheres, attaching to a solid surface, forming a small ecosystem. Biofilms are known as a micro-environment, a micro-habitat, or a slime matrix. They help decompose dead organisms and recycle carbon and nutrients.
By taking a Carbon Dioxide, rich substance and mixing it with a yeast, solution fermentation will occur, and then it could be determined if it is a good energy-producer. In this study glacatose, sucrose, glycine, glucose, and water were used to indicate how fast fermentation occurred. The overall result shows that monosaccharides in particular galactose and glucose were the best energy source for a cell.