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PROBLEMS OF POPULATION GROWTH
PROBLEMS OF POPULATION GROWTH
Problem of population growth
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DNA forensics is a division of forensic science that focuses on the use of genetic material in criminal investigation to answer questions pertaining to legal situations, including criminal and civil cases. Through DNA testing, law enforcement officers are able to identify human remains or the individual responsible for a crime. DNA testing is a highly advanced scientific process that involves replicating the human DNA sequence to create a genetic map of an individual. Because of its reliability, DNA testing has become a significant factor in criminal cases. However, it has also been identified as having the potential to violate privacy and constitutional rights. The DNA identification process consists of five stages. These five stages include isolation, quantification, polymerase chain reaction, short tandem polymerase chain reaction, and interpretation. Isolation refers to the extraction of DNA from the nucleus of tissue cells. After extraction, scientists quantify the DNA sample by ensuring that it is at least one billionth of a gram in size. If the sample is smaller the isolation process must be repeated. Next, through polymerase chain reaction, the single strand of DNA is split down the middle into two pieces and replicated to create a larger sample. Next, through short tandem polymerase chain reaction, smaller sections of the DNA sequence are replicated. This allows scientists to interpret the DNA and create a genetic profile of the individual from whom the original DNA sample came from. On average, a DNA test can take between five and ten days to complete. Along with helping to solve crimes, DNA analysis can be used in the identifying of victims of a mass tragedy. Some examples of when this was used are the September 11th At...
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(2007, 03). Limitations of Population Growth. StudyMode.com. Retrieved from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Limitations-Of-Population-Growth-110335.html
(2011, 01). Biomes. StudyMode.com, Retrieved from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Biomes-567176.html (2012), DNA Forensics, Geneed, Retrieved from http://geneed.nlm.nih.gov/topic_subtopic.php?tid=37 (2014), DNA Forensics, Forensic Science, Retrieved from http://www.forensicscience.org/resources/dna-forensics/ (2002, 05), Types of Ecosystems, CHS web, Retrieved from http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/mstanley/outlines/ecology/ecotypes/ecotypes.htm (2014, 02), Eukaryotes, Wikipedia, Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote#Sexual_reproduction (2014), Prokaryotes, Course Notes, Retrieved from
http://www.course-notes.org/Biology/Outlines/Chapter_27_Prokaryotes
In certain situations, it is necessary to identify DNA retreived from a sample. When there is a
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an acclaimed extraordinary discovery that has contributed great benefits in several fields throughout the world. DNA evidence is accounted for in the majority of cases presented in the criminal justice system. It is known as our very own unique genetic fingerprint; “a chromosome molecule which carries genetic coding unique to each person with the only exception of identical twins (that is why it is also called 'DNA fingerprinting ')” (Duhaime, n.d.). DNA is found in the nuclei of cells of nearly all living things.
Nowadays, DNA is a crucial component of a crime scene investigation, used to both to identify perpetrators from crime scenes and to determine a suspect’s guilt or innocence (Butler, 2005). The method of constructing a distinctive “fingerprint” from an individual’s DNA was first described by Alec Jeffreys in 1985. He discovered regions of repetitions of nucleotides inherent in DNA strands that differed from person to person (now known as variable number of tandem repeats, or VNTRs), and developed a technique to adjust the length variation into a definitive identity marker (Butler, 2005). Since then, DNA fingerprinting has been refined to be an indispensible source of evidence, expanded into multiple methods befitting different types of DNA samples. One of the more controversial practices of DNA forensics is familial DNA searching, which takes partial, rather than exact, matches between crime scene DNA and DNA stored in a public database as possible leads for further examination and information about the suspect. Using familial DNA searching for investigative purposes is a reliable and advantageous method to convict criminals.
DNA is the blueprint of life. It stores our genetic information which is what is in charge of how our physical appearance will look like. 99.9% of human DNA is the same in every person yet the remaining .1% is what distinguishes each person (Noble Prize). This small percentage is enough to make each person different and it makes identifying people a lot easier when its necessary. DNA not only serves to test relationships between people it also helps in criminal cases. DNA testing in criminal cases has not been around for many years if fact it was not until the early 1990s when the use of DNA testing for criminal cases was approved and made available. By comparing the DNA of a suspect and that found in the crime scene a person can either be convicted of a crime or they can be exonerated. This method of testing gained more publicity in the 1984 case of Kirk Noble Bloodsworth a man who had been convicted of the rape and first degree murder of a nine year old girl in Maryland. His case was a milestone in the criminal justice system since it involved the use of new technology and it also raised the question of how many people had been wrongly incarcerated for a crime they did not commit.
DNA is a vital tool in forensic medicine, when it comes to tracking down that killer or finding that liar in the courtroom. However, DNA fingerprinting for example is also used to identify what a person did based off of their remains. “The U.S. military takes blood and saliva samples from every recruit so it can identify victims of mass disasters such as airplane crashes.” (Marieb, 2009, p.459). After the 9/11 attacks,
DNA was collected from a small blood stain on Ms Lees’s T shirt which was located on the left shoulder and examined. The result produced a profile which was identical to the DNA profile of Bradley Murdoch. The forensic scientist stated that this DNA profile is at least 640 million times more likely if it had come from the accused than it had come from a non-related person selected at random. DNA evidence had a huge impact on the case because it linked the accused’s presence to the event at Barrow Creek.
States. The FBI performs testing for free to all police agencies to help keep costs down
Ballantyne, Jack, George Sensabaugh, and Jan Witkowski. DNA Technology and Forensic Science. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989.
DNA in forensic science has been around for a long time. DNA has had help in solving almost every crime committed. There have been a lot of crimes where people are raped or murdered and the person who did it runs free. Scientists can collect the littlest item they see at the scene, such as a cigarette butt or coffee cup and check it for DNA. People have spent years in jail for a crime they didn’t commit till DNA testing came into effect. People are getting out of jail after 20 years for a crime they didn’t commit, cause of the DNA testing. DNA has helped medical researchers develop vaccines for disease causing microbe. DNA has become a standard tool of forensics in many murders and rapes.
A large amount of people trust the main DNA confirmation is vital for the examining procedure there's an assortment of proof that are imperative to sorting the wrongdoing riddle out. Each part of the crime scene is utilized to figure out who, what, when and where the crime happened. An illustration of this is follow proof, for example, paint and filaments discovered identifying with the crime. Before beginning this course, I never truly considered these sorts of proof. Numerous individuals don't understand that filaments from garments or seats can have vital impact while deciding the area of a person. Paint confirmation is utilized, too. For instance, paint confirmation could be urgent for hit and runs. Paint and fiber confirmation is generally
Once a crime has been committed the most important item to recover is any type of evidence left at the scene. If the suspect left any Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at the crime scene, he could then be linked to the crime and eventually charged. A suspect’s DNA can be recovered if the suspect leaves a sample of his or her DNA at the crime scene. However, this method was not always used to track down a suspect. Not too long ago, detectives used to use bite marks, blood stain detection, blood grouping as the primary tool to identify a suspect. DNA can be left or collected from the hair, saliva, blood, mucus, semen, urine, fecal matter, and even the bones. DNA analysis has been the most recent technique employed by the forensic science community to identify a suspect or victim since the use of fingerprinting. Moreover, since the introduction of this new technique it has been a la...
The amount and types of evidence needed to convict a suspect varies in courts from country to country around the world. DNA evidence, an important part of crime solving today, is also used and interpreted differently in the court systems of all countries. According to “Issues in Gathering, Interpreting, and Delivering DNA Evidence” by Judge Andrew Haesler, in countries such as New South Wales and both North and South Australia DNA evidence alone cannot determine guilt, but in the courts of Scotland and England there are no laws preventing conviction based on DNA evidence alone. Surprisingly, even the United States courts have rejected the idea that DNA evidence alone cannot convict (Haesler 5). This may be due to a jury’s reliance on scientific evidence, causing them to be willing to convict when DNA evidence is presented, but unwilling to convict in the absence of DNA evidence. This is known as the ‘CSI Effect.’ Juries in US courts also tend to expect DNA evidence in certain crimes, even when it is not relevant, and when it is presented it is often inaccurately used and interpreted when trying to convict a suspect (Shelton 1). Not only can DNA evidence be presented and interpreted wrongly, it can also be inaccurate due to the delicate nature of DNA and the tedious processes conducted to identify it. These inaccuracies lead to wrong convictions, sending innocent suspects to jail or even a death sentence. Often, cases like these are reopened later, and only then do courts realize they convicted the wrong suspect. Cases like these make one wonder why courts would not have the common sense to use DNA evidence to make a conviction only when other evidence is present to support it. Wrong accusations could be prevented worldwide if DNA...
Before the 1980s, courts relied on testimony and eyewitness accounts as a main source of evidence. Notoriously unreliable, these techniques have since faded away to the stunning reliability of DNA forensics. In 1984, British geneticist Alec Jeffreys of the University of Leicester discovered an interesting new marker in the human genome. Most DNA information is the same in every human, but the junk code between genes is unique to every person. Junk DNA used for investigative purposes can be found in blood, saliva, perspiration, sexual fluid, skin tissue, bone marrow, dental pulp, and hair follicles (Butler, 2011). By analyzing this junk code, Jeffreys found certain sequences of 10 to 100 base pairs repeated multiple times. These tandem repeats are also the same for all people, but the number of repetitions is highly variable. Before this discovery, a drop of blood at a crime scene could only reveal a person’s blood type, plus a few proteins unique to certain people. Now DNA forensics can expose a person’s gender, race, susceptibility to diseases, and even propensity for high aggression or drug abuse (Butler, 2011). More importantly, the certainty of DNA evidence is extremely powerful in court. Astounded at this technology’s almost perfect accuracy, the FBI changed the name of its Serology Unit to the DNA Analysis Unit in 1988 when they began accepting requests for DNA comparisons (Using DNA to Solve Crimes, 2014).
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are the molecules that carry the genetic information of a living being. At a disadvantage, forensic scientist’s only options were to focus on blood factors such as A, B, and O as their only means of linking a suspect to the crime. Plasma is the fluid portion of blood and blood refers to the complex mixture of proteins, cells, enzymes, and inorganic materials. DNA testing is a method used to study collective variations. Each method is unique and has different and has their own limitations and variations and may have different technical
What is DNA? DNA is deoxriybonucleic acid which is a molecule that is in a double-helix structure described by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. DNA contains our genetic code which is composed of triphosphate molecules, which are also known as the ‘building blocks’ of DNA. There are four bases included in the DNA molecule they are called the four nitrogenous bases. The bases are Thymine, adenine, guanine (purines), thymine and cytosine (pyrimidines) (http://forensicsciencecentral.co.uk/dna.shtml). This shows that DNA isn’t so easy to understand, there is certain bases to make up the DNA molecule. This is important because it helps compose the pieces to DNA and helps find traces to the victim. “The more useful sources include blood, semen, vaginal fluid, nasal secretions and hair with roots” (http://forensicsciencecentral.co.uk/dna.shtml). This quote is important because it singles out the most occurrence of DNA. In order for DNA testing to take place scientists will have t...