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Effective communication in early childhood
Effective communication in early childhood
New findings in infant’s language growth suggest that it is critical to discover
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The biological theoretical perspective comes from a man named Noam Chomsky. He believed that all children have a language acquisition device. This is defined in the book as “a biological endowment enabling the child to detect the features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics”. The evidence found was that throughout cultures, children tend to have the same language milestones. Most begin at age two to four months by cooing and develop at 13 months with their first words. The environmental perspective talks about how the environment and their parents affect how the children talk. Roger Brown determines that children learn what words mean through the way that parents are responding to them. He defines terms like
Evolution has been arguably one of the largely discussed topics in the advanced institution of science. The theory of evaluation, first presented by Charlies Darwin (1990), states that all biotic organisms were developed and advanced from primitive organisms through gradual changes occurring over time. The relevance of this fundamental theory is witnessed throughout the disciplines of the pathology department in the subject area of biomedical science. Biomedical science consists of seven major disciplines; hematology, transfusion science, clinical chemistry, histology, virology, cytology, immunology and medical microbiology. However, significance of evolutionary theory had a drastic impact mostly on hematology and some virology.
In the first years of life children transcend from infancy, in which they cannot speak nor comprehend language, to age four in which they begin to be able to express themselves in their own language (Hoff, 2006). Overall, the language acquisition process has the same endpoint for all capable children. The only difference in the language acquisition process between children is the different languages they learn, which is completely dependent upon the language the child hears. If the child were to only hear Klingon, the child would in theory learn Klingon, but the child would later reject this language because of the lack of acceptance of the fictional language in society (Clark, 1987). The first process of acquiring language is known as phonological development. In natural lan...
Evolution is still nevertheless one of the most largely discussed topics in modern society. The theory of evolution was first proposed by Charles Darwin (1990) and is described as process by which all biotic creatures have developed and advanced from primitive organisms through changes occurring over time. The relevance of this fundamental theory is witnessed throughout the many disciplines of the pathology department in subject area biomedical science. Biomedical science consists of seven major disciplines; haematology, transfusion science, clinical chemistry, histology, virology, cytology, immunology and medical microbiology. However, significance of evolutionary theory had a drastic impact on mostly haematology and some virology.
A child goes through various stages in language development before they have a complete social understanding. When a child is born, they already have perceptual abilities, and can understand the speech sounds of any language, but, by 12 months the child loses that ability, and their understand of the sounds in their own language increases. Werker and Tees (1984) conducted an experiment and found that infants of 6-8 months could distinguish changes in speech sound, but by the time they were a year old, the could no longer hear the differences. Around 11-12 months, a child will begin to speak their first words, and will begin to apply labels and begin to name things, which stems from their pretend play. By 2 to 3 years old, a child will begin to understand everything that is said to them, and by 3 and a half years, their speech becomes more adult like. By 4 and a half years on, children have a much better understanding of language, and an understanding of metacommunication, such as tone, body language
Language acquisition during early childhood could be determined by a biological explanation. This may show how the brain is wired so children can acquire language ev...
Biological View The Biological Perspective was theorized by neurophysiologists and psychiatrists Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley. Also known as the activation-synthesis hypothesis, the theory states that dreams are simply created from the by products of the random stimulation of brain cells during REM sleep. Part of their theory suggests that there is a part of your brain in the brainstem, the pons, that can be activated to produce electrical impulses in your sleep periodically.
When most people think of the process of language development in “normal” children, the concepts that come to mind are of babies imitating, picking up sounds and words from the speakers around them. Trying to imagine that a child who cannot hear one single sound a person makes can learn to speak a language is absolutely fascinating. These children range from amazin...
Biological Perspective The biological perspective focuses on how our physical body affects our actions. Our body affects our actions in two main ways, genetics and external stimuli. Through our genetics, the biological perspective asserts that we are predisposed to have certain personality characteristics.
I have been curious about the natural world for as long a time as I can remember. As a child. I moved from one fascination to the next, always chasing discovery of the origin of different aspects of nature and trying to determine how they fit into their settings.
Positivists live by the assumption that human behavior is determined versus being a matter of free will (Bohm & Vogel, 2011). Since their belief is on the cause-and-effect of relationships rather than the free-will to self-determine an active choice (Bohm &Vogel, 2011). Positivists biological theories and psychological theories are often hard to decipher since the two theories overlap (Hagan, 2017). Although it is clear that both biological and psychological factors play a role in criminal engagements and activities, understanding the difference between the two may present a challenge (Hagan, 2017).
I do not believe that any of the biological perspectives hold merit for explaining criminal behavior. The answer to this question if complicated, as Bernard, Snipes, and Gerould (2016) note, biological factors may increase the likelihood of one committing a criminal act, but it is in no way a guarantee that one will engage in criminal behavior. People may have certain biological factors engrained in their DNA that may cause them to gravitate towards a certain mindset or even lifestyle, however just because someone may be predisposed to a certain action or feeling, it does not mean that they will commit a crime.
Another supporting fact that dispels the thought that language is “taught” at a young age is the vastness of the human language. If language was “taught” by a parent, for example, a mother who didn’t go to college vs. their Ph.D child, the child would have a greater bank of words to express ideas. This proves that language is not “taught” but it is acquired for necessary communication early on, then is transformed into a well of optional words and phrases.
The early thinking for biological theories was the belief that individual difference could be scientifically measured. Early biological theories see deviant behavior as a defect in the individual as a result from something else. This defect can be biological or genetic and is there to separate the criminal who is doing wrong in society from the law-abiding citizen that follows all the rules set by the law. Punishment serves a different goal in biological theories. While punishment may be a good thing in terms of protecting society, it will not have a deterrent effect because there is a known defect or abnormality within the individual, that deterrence or the threat of punishment will not affect their behavior. They can not help that they committed the crime. It is not an excuse for committing the crime but they honestly do not have control over their actions. Early biological theories lacked validity, they were among the first to use the scientific method which is an old process. The process of measuring the body parts of a person to include the shapes, and sizes of their brains were very inaccurate. Biological theories trace back to Lombroso,.The so called “born criminal” was a problem within the civilized society. He was always going want to commit a crime no matter the
The debate nature/nurture has been a fascinating open question for many years in the field of language development and acquisition. The focus of the dichotomy aspires to understand if language depends on an innate biological endowment or because of the environmental input we receive from the external world. The literature about the nature/nurture debate counts many different theories that have as crucial topics of discussion whether either nature or nurture plays the leading role in language development. One of the most famous theories is the nativist approach, whose father, Noam Chomsky, maintains that language is innate in human because of the Universal Grammar. Actually, according to Chomsky, this ‘gift’ is the child’s initial language faculty and exists prior to any linguistic experience, so that it gives the child the ability to acquire any language (Karmilloff, 2002). In contrast to this theory, the cognitive approach states that language is not innate because we do not have a Universal Grammar, but we learn language through general learning mechanisms. In other words, language is acquired through input and experiences in the environment. Another interesting point of view about the debate nature/nurture are the researches carried out by Lenneberg, who was influenced in his theoretical and practical studies both by Chomsky and by Piaget, father of the cognitive approach that I briefly introduced below. Lenneberg studied atypical language development and carried researches in particular on deaf children, children with focal brain damages and c...
According to Chomsky the children have a sort of natural and innate predisposition for acquiring the language and they own this ability from when they are born. This peculiarity distinguishes us and them from the other animals. Children do not copy the language they hear, but they learn a repertoire of infinite sentences.