The Convention on Biological Diversity (hereafter: “CBD”) is an international treaty adopted by United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 and came into force on December 29, 1993. Initially when it came into force there were 168 members now it is 193 in total. The aim to protect biodiversity and the dramatic steps taken for conservation, sustainable use and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits attracted the world communities to become members (History of the Convention, n.d). In principle the convention on biological diversity changed the ownership concept of biodiversity protection i.e. (“common heritage of humankind”) to the “sovereign right” of each member country (Hirsch, 2012). It is the responsibility of the each member to develop and implement policies in a way that helps in the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. It also recognizes the knowledge of local and indigenous people for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity (Brahmi et al., 2004).The article 8(j) of CBD has an important provision which gives the member state rights to “respect, preserve and maintain” traditional style and knowledge about the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The protection must promote the wider application of such knowledge and stimulate innovation and also ensure that the benefits are shared in fair and equitable manner to the communities.
The three objectives of the conventions are “conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources” .
• The focus of the first objective “Conservation of biological diversity” is...
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...n health (About the Protocol, n.d).
2.1.1 Exception in CBD:
As CBD gives the member state the rights to regulate the “access to genetic resources within their jurisdictional scope”, developing countries where concerned whether this would include plant genetic resource of food and agriculture before CBD entry (15-21). This was made clear with an international instrument dealing with The Plant Genetic Resource for Food and Agriculture (IPGRFA) which came into force in 2004. The objectives are similar to that of CBD - “the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resource of food and agricultural resources and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits on use”. The system of sharing benefits is by multilateral agreements and this treaty also has provision on farmer’s rights. It is left to the national law to decide (Biodiversity-related Conventions, n.d).
In the case of “Diversity Programs at the New England Aquarium”, all four frames – structural, human resources, political, and symbolic— show a different perspective of the underlying management issues surrounding the New England Aquarium. The issues that surround the structural frame are based around the aquarium’s goals and mission, as well as the actual organizational structure and coordination. The human resource frame will be used to view the relationships and balance between the needs of the organization and the needs of the people involved at the aquarium. Next, we will look at the political frame in order to better understand “the battle” for the tight resources, and the political arena that exists in the aquarium. Lastly, we will discuss the symbolic frame to view the symbols at the aquarium and show their affect the organization.
They agree that protecting biodiversity is entirely important, but they also emphasize that conservation goals must reach a compromise and coordinate efforts that both improve human welfare while also protecting biodiversity (Kareiva and Marvier 962). In order to successfully combat the difficulties of accommodating both mankind and biodiversity, economists, scientists, and philosophers, and policymakers must find environmental solutions that maximize human-well being while preserving biodiversity. However, there is some controversy to this as some argue that perhaps scientists should stick to science, and leave the politics and policymaking to economists and
Diversity has many definitions but only one true meaning. This concept Analysis is dedicated to exploring the broadened sense of diversity through active concepts with respect to term usage, and current literature research to support the understanding and relevance of the term itself.
Kruft, David. “Impacts Of Genetically-Modified Crops and Seeds on Farmers”. The Agricultural Law Resource and Reference Center. The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University, Nov. 2001. Web. 29 Apr. 2014
Landscape fragmentation contributes to loss of migratory corridors, loss of connectivity and natural communities, which all lead to a loss of biodiversity for a region. Conservation of biodiversity must include all levels of diversity: genetic, species, community, and landscape (CNHP 1995). Each complex level is dependent upon and linked to the other levels. In addition, humans are linked to all levels of this hierarchy. A healthy natural and human environment go hand in hand (CNHP 1995). An important step in conservation planning, in order to guarantee both a healthy natural environment as well as a healthy human environment, is recognizing the most endangered elements.
Pollack, Mark A., and Gregory C. Shaffer. "The Challenge of Reconciling Regulatory Differences: Food Safety and Gmos in the Transatlantic Relationship." In Transatlantic Governance in the Global Economy, edited by Mark A. Pollack and Gregory C. Shaffer, xi, 354 p. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001.
This environmental problem of the Dominican Republic will deal with those challenges that are considered of highest importance for the Caribbean country, challenges that require immediate attention from the Dominican people in order to secure a future that is environmentally, socially just and economically a future here the island's population can continue to benefit from the many goods and services that natural resources have to offer. There for one of the most important focal points of biodiversity in the world is located in the Caribbean region, and in this region The Hispaniola Island is the most diverse of all the West Indies that are being the most focal point that other places. However,climate change has invasion of non-native aggressive species, the overexploitation of forest and marine resources and the pollution of water, air and soil, are threatening the planet's biodiversity, thereby endangering its long-term existence. That’s why it is so much of a big deal because there is a lot in consequence more than just environmental. To be able to face the increasing losses caused by humans. It is hoped that this agreement can promote the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable distribution of benefits arising from such use in the Dominican
America is often called a melting pot; the metaphor is used because our society is made of different types of people that are blended together in our community. Educators need to familiarize themselves with the perspectives of numerous cultural groups. In early childhood, teachers have practice the anti-bias education concept. Anti-bias education includes learning experiences and teaching strategies that are specifically designed not only to prepare all children for life in a culturally rich society, but also to counter the stereotyping of diverse groups, and to guard against expressions of bias (Derman-Sparks & Edward, 2010). After observing a classroom, the first multicultural items I noticed was the circle time rug. It had a world in the middle with children from all over the world holding
The most wonderful activity a human being can experience is new flavors and foods. For example, the first time a person tastes a delicious juicy piece of prime rib or a delightful hamburger with cheese and ham, his world is never the same. However, since the beginning of the twentieth century, the production of food has been supplemented by science. This has triggered an angry dispute between the people who support the advances of biotechnology and people who love nature. In order to understand the controversy, we have to know the meaning of genetically modified foods. With new technological advances, scientists can modify seeds from a conventional seed to a high tech seed with shorter maturation times and resistance to dryness, cold and heat. This is possible with the implementation of new genes into the DNA of the conventional seed. Once these "transgenes" are transferred, they can create plants with better characteristics (Harris 164-165). The farmers love it not only because it guarantees a good production, but the cost is also reduced. On the other hand, organizations such as Greenpeace and Friends of Earth have campaigned against GMO (“Riesgos”) because they think that they are negatively affecting the earth (Gerdes 26). Both the advocates and the opponents of genetically modified foods have excellent arguments.
NEED AND PURPOSE FOR CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity conservation is about saving life on Earth in all its forms and keeping natural ecosystems functioning and healthy. Biodiversity is being depleted by the loss of habitat, fragmentation of habitat, over exploitation of resources, human sponsored ecosystems, climatic changes, pollution, invasive exotic species, diseases, shifting cultivation, poaching of wildlife etc. Since the human beings are enjoying all the benefits from biodiversity, they should take proper care for the preservation of biodiversity in all its forms and should prevent the degradation as well as the destruction of the habitats, thereby maintaining the biodiversity at its optimum level which will ultimately conserve the biodiversity for the future generation. The United Nations designated 2011-2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. In biodiversity, each species, no matter how big or small, has an important role to play in ecosystems.
Genetically modified (GM) foods have become omnipresent over the past decade. They are a technological breakthrough that allows humans to manipulate and add foreign genes to crops to enhance desired traits, but they have also evolved into a controversial issue, especially for Third World countries. Some people believe that GM foods not only provide larger yields to feed hungry citizens in Third World countries, but they can also be a source of great nutritional value. For example, researchers have developed a strain of golden rice containing high amounts of vitamin A and numerous other vitamins and minerals. Additionally, GM crops are laced with herbicides and pesticides, and therefore reduce the need for chemical consumption. Opponents of GM foods claim that they pose a threat to the health of consumers and that these crops could eventually cross-pollinate in an unregulated fashion or lead to the growth of superweeds and superbugs resistant to the herbicides and pesticides woven into the genetic fiber of the crops. Developed nations should promote research and monitoring from an ethical point of view and financial assistance through philanthropic ventures in order to limit environmental and health risks. They should also make sure that limited cultural displacement will result from the introduction of GM crops and that instead, a better livelihood and well-being through collaboration will emerge. Hence, GM crops should be introduced only provided that the developed nations assume the ethical and financial responsibilities for the environmental, health, and social consequences that attend this new innovation.
Protect biodiversity by opposing the privatisation and manipulation of the plant and animal gene pool.
Nowadays it is common to read articles in newspapers and magazines regarding biodiversity issues. Human beings have been knowingly and unknowingly destroying biodiversity since their existence. Biodiversity is the measure of the variety of species of animals living in an area. Forests are usually areas with high biodiversity while deserts are the opposite. Human beings have always destroyed biodiversity either by deforestation, or by some other means. Biodiversity depletion is a natural phenomenon. But the present levels of biodiversity depletion are many times higher than the natural rate. Recently the levels of loss in biodiversity have started causing global concern. Some of the main causes for loss in biodiversity are alteration of habitats, increasing levels of pollution and human population growth.
Norwood, M. (n.d.). Sustainable World Coalition. Sustainable World Coalition. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://swcoalition.org/2013/09/gmo-case-studies/
Biodiversity is so important that if any chain or link is disturbed then the whole system will come to a halt. Biodiversity also boosts ecosystem productivity and if it declines automatically our ecosystem also declines as both are interdependent upon each other, where all the species play an essential role in the way ecosystem functions, so local and global species loss could threaten the stability of the ecosystem services on which humans depend. This is an interesting topic as well as a global issue concerning the whole human civilization and their existence. . The said issue as well as many other issues regarding our natural processes cannot be neglected as our present and future depends entirely on the sustainability and growth of this ecosystem and biodiversity. Our ecosystem completely depends on the way biodiversity functions. This is the reason I have chosen this topic and gathered information about how it e...