The convention on biological diversity has settled down a set of rules for bio-prospecting contracts. The long coming exploitation of the natural resources on the name of biotechnology seems to end up by means of the said guidelines. Prior to this, when if there is any kind of natural resource was available, it was taken as it is free for use and to exploit, which gave rise to bio-colonialism, bio-piracy and other related problems. After CBD, a legal framework, taking all the problems in mind is laid down; restricting the idea of commodification of the traditional knowledge or the resources belongs to the indigenous people. People belong to such places were given a say in the new formulation. They are the people who can decide whether there should be any project or not; and if there is will be any project, what would be the terms and conditions of the said project. Their consent is made the essential most element of the contract, termed as Prior Informed Consent. There share in the project will also be decided under the contract, so that the commercialisation should not ruin the biology system for the sake of minting money. Cementing the rules of such said contract named as biological prospecting contracts, Convention on Biological Diversity laid down certain rules under its articles, to provide a fair and just position to the people related to such biological diverse places. Under Article- 8 of the convention, set of substantive and procedural rules laid down, ensuring the equal participation of both of the parties. Article- 8 (j) specifically talks about the role of the National Government to provide an effective legislation for the protection an preservation of the traditional knowledge and the people living in the a particular... ... middle of paper ... ...s, fungi, microorganisms, and genetic diversity. It is the international instrument for the sustainable development. In its idea, the ecosystem, species and genetic resources should be used for the benefit of humans in such a way that does not lead to the decline of biodiversity. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Article 1 (1992) has formalized the recognition that the preservation of environmental resources is intimately linked to the provision of economic incentives for individuals, groups and nations. It has provided support for both the fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from genetic resources and the recognition of rights over these resources. Combined with internal legislation exercising the host counties property rights, appropriate intellectual property rights (IPR) laws in both the host country and the demand country, and resolution
Originalism, an orthodox principle of legal interpretation, focuses on interpretation pursuant to the original understanding of constitutional words . This incorporates arguments from the ‘text, context, purpose and structure of the constitution’. The originalist method of constitutional in...
In the case of “Diversity Programs at the New England Aquarium”, all four frames – structural, human resources, political, and symbolic— show a different perspective of the underlying management issues surrounding the New England Aquarium. The issues that surround the structural frame are based around the aquarium’s goals and mission, as well as the actual organizational structure and coordination. The human resource frame will be used to view the relationships and balance between the needs of the organization and the needs of the people involved at the aquarium. Next, we will look at the political frame in order to better understand “the battle” for the tight resources, and the political arena that exists in the aquarium. Lastly, we will discuss the symbolic frame to view the symbols at the aquarium and show their affect the organization.
After the preamble the second part of the Constitution is the seven articles which describe the elements of the Constitution. One of the articles gives the legislativ...
Report of Proceedings of the National Unity Conference and Draft Constitution, File 44, MG 28 I298 v43, LAC.
Diversity has many definitions but only one true meaning. This concept Analysis is dedicated to exploring the broadened sense of diversity through active concepts with respect to term usage, and current literature research to support the understanding and relevance of the term itself.
The Bio-technology market is a very rich and powerful market in the world. This market is mostly controlled only by very few giants such as Monsanto, Du Pont, Syngenta, Bayer etc. Leaving agricultural system, a system vital for a country’s survival in private hands, that to in the hands of few corporations is very dangerous to any country.
1These two populations are different species because they have different capabilities of performing in nature. For example there is behavioral isolation. My evidence for that is that in the data, it states that the average time spent in courtship display for the St. Kitts rodent is 12.6 seconds. While the courtship display for the Nevis Rodent is 21.3. You can see that there is a major difference in the way that they behave. Also there is another type of isolation which is gametic isolation. There is gametic isolation because the average gestation time for St. Kitts rodent is 29.3 days. The average gestation for the Nevis rodent is 42.7 days. Therefore a sperm from St. Kitts rodent wouldn’t survive in the reproductive tract of the Nevis rodent. It wouldn’t survive because it wouldn’t develop properly and is not accustomed to its environment. There is also another type of isolation happening with the rodents of St. Kitts. This type of isolation is called temporal isolation. There is temporal isolation because the article states, “the reproductive seasons are being delayed by up to one year.” This is talking about that the rodents are having a hard time finding mates therefore, their reproductive season is being delayed. Also in the article it states, “In the 240 attempts to bring a Nevis animal into the St. Kitts population, you are unable to observe a single successful reproductive event.” The rodents are mechanically isolated, because if you can’t have a reproductive event, there reproductive organs might not be matching with one another. Their appearance might look identical but they are genetically different.
In The Diversity of Life, Edward O. Wilson reflects on how the living world became diverse and how humans are destroying that diversity. In the book’s preface, Wilson defines biodiversity as “the totality of inherited variation in all organisms in a selected area” (Wilson ix). He adds that modern technology will allow for us to find many new species that were previously unknown to be in existence.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (hereafter: “CBD”) is an international treaty adopted by United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 and came into force on December 29, 1993. Initially when it came into force there were 168 members now it is 193 in total. The aim to protect biodiversity and the dramatic steps taken for conservation, sustainable use and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits attracted the world communities to become members (History of the Convention, n.d). In principle the convention on biological diversity changed the ownership concept of biodiversity protection i.e. (“common heritage of humankind”) to the “sovereign right” of each member country (Hirsch, 2012). It is the responsibility of the each member to develop and implement policies in a way that helps in the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. It also recognizes the knowledge of local and indigenous people for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity (Brahmi et al., 2004).The article 8(j) of CBD has an important provision which gives the member state rights to “respect, preserve and maintain” traditional style and knowledge about the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The protection must promote the wider application of such knowledge and stimulate innovation and also ensure that the benefits are shared in fair and equitable manner to the communities.
Understanding those environmental issues are subjects of disagreement arising from different perspectives and values; the controversy of economic gain verse ecological conservation is not easily settled. I support wildlife preservation only to prevent extinction. I believe without these laws that we as humans will suffer greatly, because we would be unable to reap the benefits of the ecosystem. I agree with the congressional findings that various species of fish, wildlife, and plants have been rendered extinct as a consequence of economic growth and development intemperate by adequate concern and conservation (O'Laughlin, 1998).
The most wonderful activity a human being can experience is new flavors and foods. For example, the first time a person tastes a delicious juicy piece of prime rib or a delightful hamburger with cheese and ham, his world is never the same. However, since the beginning of the twentieth century, the production of food has been supplemented by science. This has triggered an angry dispute between the people who support the advances of biotechnology and people who love nature. In order to understand the controversy, we have to know the meaning of genetically modified foods. With new technological advances, scientists can modify seeds from a conventional seed to a high tech seed with shorter maturation times and resistance to dryness, cold and heat. This is possible with the implementation of new genes into the DNA of the conventional seed. Once these "transgenes" are transferred, they can create plants with better characteristics (Harris 164-165). The farmers love it not only because it guarantees a good production, but the cost is also reduced. On the other hand, organizations such as Greenpeace and Friends of Earth have campaigned against GMO (“Riesgos”) because they think that they are negatively affecting the earth (Gerdes 26). Both the advocates and the opponents of genetically modified foods have excellent arguments.
NEED AND PURPOSE FOR CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity conservation is about saving life on Earth in all its forms and keeping natural ecosystems functioning and healthy. Biodiversity is being depleted by the loss of habitat, fragmentation of habitat, over exploitation of resources, human sponsored ecosystems, climatic changes, pollution, invasive exotic species, diseases, shifting cultivation, poaching of wildlife etc. Since the human beings are enjoying all the benefits from biodiversity, they should take proper care for the preservation of biodiversity in all its forms and should prevent the degradation as well as the destruction of the habitats, thereby maintaining the biodiversity at its optimum level which will ultimately conserve the biodiversity for the future generation. The United Nations designated 2011-2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. In biodiversity, each species, no matter how big or small, has an important role to play in ecosystems.
Agricultural biodiversity is the food chains, develop and safeguard that will contribute to feeding the world. Agricultural revolution begins at the wild plant species in various parts of the world. It provides us with a safe source of food. This develops the development of human life, society and culture. Some elements of agricultural biodiversity have made and continue to make appreciable contributions to human diets is scarce and correlating agricultural biodiversity with human nutrition is generally difficult for a number of reasons including human diversity. This explores the linkages between agriculture, food production, nutrition, and the resource base of wild and agricultural biodiversity in the context of increasing global change.
Protect biodiversity by opposing the privatisation and manipulation of the plant and animal gene pool.
Biotechnology helps in protecting the environment,It provides crops with protection from viruses and insects by reducing the number of pesticid...